谈论能力时你已经会用 can 了:I can swim. 麻烦在于 can 只有两种形式——can(现在)和 could(过去)。一旦你需要表示将来、放在另一个动词之后,或用其他形式表达能力,can 就不够用了。这时 be able to 就登场了。
Be able to 的意思和 can 几乎相同,但它补上了 can 缺少的形式——将来、现在完成时,以及跟在另一个动词后面的形式:I'll be able to help, I've been able to save, I want to be able to speak French.
结构始终不变:be 的某种形式 + able to + 动词原形。
如何构成
我们根据时态和主语选用合适的 be,再加上 able to + 动词原形:
| 时态 | 形式 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 现在 | am / is / are able to | She is able to drive. |
| 过去 | was / were able to | We were able to finish. |
| 将来 | will be able to | I will be able to come. |
| 现在完成时 | have / has been able to | He has been able to rest. |
- I am able to help you today.
- They weren't able to open the door.
- You will be able to see the sea from your room.
否定句和疑问句遵循 be 和 will 的常规规则:
- 否定:I am not able to come. · We won't be able to wait.
- 疑问:Are you able to start on Monday? · Will she be able to join us?
什么时候用它代替 can?
大多数情况下,在现在时里 can 更短、更自然——I can swim 比 I am able to swim 听起来更好。只有当 can 没有相应形式可用时,才轮到 be able to:
- 表示将来: I will be able to drive after my test.(不是 ❌ I will can drive)
- 在另一个动词或情态动词之后: I'd love to be able to play the piano. · You might be able to get a refund.
- 在现在完成时里: Since the operation, she has been able to walk again.
- 作为 -ing 形式: Being able to cook is a useful skill.
原因很简单:像 can 这样的情态动词没有不定式、没有 -ing 形式、也没有分词形式,而且英语通常不把两个情态动词放在一起。所以 ❌ will can 和 ❌ to can 并不存在——这时就要用 ✅ will be able to 和 ✅ to be able to 来表达。(表示能力和许可的 can 我们在另一课里讲。)
中文里「能、会」没有时态变化,可以直接和表示将来的词连用(我明天能来)。英语的 can 却没有将来形式或不定式形式,所以要用 be able to 来填补这个空缺。
过去的能力:could 与 was / were able to
这是唯一棘手的地方。表示过去一般性的能力——你随时都能做的事、你具备的一项本领——could 和 was/were able to 都可以:
- When I was young, I could run fast. = When I was young, I was able to run fast.
但若是某一个具体的场合,某人真的做成了一件难事,英语更倾向于用 was/were able to(或 managed to),而不是 could:
- ✅ The traffic was terrible, but we were able to get there on time.
- ❌ The traffic was terrible, but we could get there on time.
一个好记的办法:could = 具备一般的能力;was able to = 既有能力,那次也确实做到了。
有一个很方便的例外:和表示看见、听见、理解这类动词连用时,即使是过去某个具体时刻,could 仍然自然:
- From the hotel room, we could see the sea. · I could hear someone outside.
在否定里,这个区别就消失了——couldn't 和 wasn't able to 对具体场合都适用:
- We couldn't get tickets. = We weren't able to get tickets.
常见错误
- ❌ I will can help you. → ✅ I will be able to help you.(不能两个情态动词连用)
- ❌ I want to can swim. → ✅ I want to be able to swim.(to 后面用 be able to)
- ❌ She is able swim. → ✅ She is able to swim.(别漏掉 to)
- ❌ The room was crowded, but I could find a seat. → ✅ …but I was able to find a seat.(一次具体的成功,不是一般能力)
小测验
用 be able to 的正确形式(或在 could / was able to 中选择)补全每句话:
- After this course, you ____(将来)understand simple newspaper articles.
- I'd love to ____ play the guitar one day.
- The exam was hard, but she ____(具体场合)answer every question.
- He ____(现在完成时,否定)sleep well since the move.
显示答案
- will be able to 2. be able to 3. was able to(一次具体的成功,所以不用 could) 4. hasn't been able to
要点回顾
- Be able to 表示能力,意思和 can 相近,但它补上了 can 缺少的形式——将来、现在完成时,以及其他动词之后的用法:be + able to + 动词原形。
- 在 can 没有形式的地方使用它:将来(will be able to)、to 或情态动词之后(to / might be able to),以及现在完成时(have been able to)。
- 在现在时里,普通的 can 通常更自然——不必替换。
- 过去的能力:could 和 was/were able to 都能表示一般能力,但 was/were able to 适合某一次成功的场合(不过和 see、hear、understand 连用时 could 仍然自然)。
- 英语不把两个情态动词放在一起:❌ will can → ✅ will be able to。