谈论能力时你已经会用 can 了:I can swim. 麻烦在于 can 只有两种形式——can(现在)和 could(过去)。一旦你需要表示将来、放在另一个动词之后,或用其他形式表达能力,can 就不够用了。这时 be able to 就登场了。

Be able to 的意思和 can 几乎相同,但它补上了 can 缺少的形式——将来、现在完成时,以及跟在另一个动词后面的形式:I'll be able to help, I've been able to save, I want to be able to speak French.

结构始终不变:be 的某种形式 + able to + 动词原形。

如何构成

我们根据时态和主语选用合适的 be,再加上 able to + 动词原形:

时态 形式 例子
现在 am / is / are able to She is able to drive.
过去 was / were able to We were able to finish.
将来 will be able to I will be able to come.
现在完成时 have / has been able to He has been able to rest.
  • I am able to help you today.
  • They weren't able to open the door.
  • You will be able to see the sea from your room.

否定句和疑问句遵循 bewill 的常规规则:

  • 否定:I am not able to come. · We won't be able to wait.
  • 疑问:Are you able to start on Monday? · Will she be able to join us?

什么时候用它代替 can

大多数情况下,在现在时里 can 更短、更自然——I can swimI am able to swim 听起来更好。只有当 can 没有相应形式可用时,才轮到 be able to

  • 表示将来: I will be able to drive after my test.(不是 ❌ I will can drive
  • 在另一个动词或情态动词之后: I'd love to be able to play the piano. · You might be able to get a refund.
  • 在现在完成时里: Since the operation, she has been able to walk again.
  • 作为 -ing 形式: Being able to cook is a useful skill.

原因很简单:像 can 这样的情态动词没有不定式、没有 -ing 形式、也没有分词形式,而且英语通常不把两个情态动词放在一起。所以 ❌ will can 和 ❌ to can 并不存在——这时就要用 ✅ will be able to 和 ✅ to be able to 来表达。(表示能力和许可的 can 我们在另一课里讲。)

中文里「能、会」没有时态变化,可以直接和表示将来的词连用(我明天能来)。英语的 can 却没有将来形式或不定式形式,所以要用 be able to 来填补这个空缺。

过去的能力:couldwas / were able to

这是唯一棘手的地方。表示过去一般性的能力——你随时都能做的事、你具备的一项本领——couldwas/were able to 都可以:

  • When I was young, I could run fast. = When I was young, I was able to run fast.

但若是某一个具体的场合,某人真的做成了一件难事,英语更倾向于用 was/were able to(或 managed to),而不是 could

  • The traffic was terrible, but we were able to get there on time.
  • The traffic was terrible, but we could get there on time.

一个好记的办法:could = 具备一般的能力was able to = 既有能力,那次也确实做到了

有一个很方便的例外:和表示看见、听见、理解这类动词连用时,即使是过去某个具体时刻,could 仍然自然:

  • From the hotel room, we could see the sea. · I could hear someone outside.

否定里,这个区别就消失了——couldn'twasn't able to 对具体场合都适用:

  • We couldn't get tickets. = We weren't able to get tickets.

常见错误

  • I will can help you. → ✅ I will be able to help you.(不能两个情态动词连用)
  • I want to can swim. → ✅ I want to be able to swim.to 后面用 be able to
  • She is able swim. → ✅ She is able to swim.(别漏掉 to
  • The room was crowded, but I could find a seat. → ✅ …but I was able to find a seat.(一次具体的成功,不是一般能力)

小测验

be able to 的正确形式(或在 could / was able to 中选择)补全每句话:

  1. After this course, you ____(将来)understand simple newspaper articles.
  2. I'd love to ____ play the guitar one day.
  3. The exam was hard, but she ____(具体场合)answer every question.
  4. He ____(现在完成时,否定)sleep well since the move.
显示答案
  1. will be able to   2. be able to   3. was able to(一次具体的成功,所以不用 could)  4. hasn't been able to

要点回顾

  • Be able to 表示能力,意思和 can 相近,但它补上了 can 缺少的形式——将来、现在完成时,以及其他动词之后的用法:be + able to + 动词原形。
  • can 没有形式的地方使用它:将来(will be able to)、to 或情态动词之后(to / might be able to),以及现在完成时(have been able to)。
  • 在现在时里,普通的 can 通常更自然——不必替换。
  • 过去的能力:couldwas/were able to 都能表示一般能力,但 was/were able to 适合某一次成功的场合(不过和 seehearunderstand 连用时 could 仍然自然)。
  • 英语不把两个情态动词放在一起:❌ will can → ✅ will be able to