将来进行时与将来完成时

你已经学过几种谈论将来的方式——will、be going to、现在进行时。这一篇再介绍两种更精确的将来表达方式：将来进行时（future continuous，will be doing），表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作；以及将来完成时（future perfect，will have done），表示将来某个时刻之前已经完成的动作。这两种形式都能把一个动作放到时间轴上的具体位置，而不只是说它将来会发生。

速览对比： This time tomorrow, I will be flying to Rome（那个时刻正在进行）对比 By tomorrow evening, I will have arrived（那个时刻之前已经完成）。

将来进行时——will be + -ing

构成： will/won't + be + 动词-ing

将来进行时用于将来某个具体时刻正在进行的动作，或者在将来某段时间内持续进行的动作——想象自己正处于动作之中：

• This time next week, I'll be lying on a beach.
• Don't call at eight — we'll be having dinner then.
• Will you be working late again tonight?

汉语常用“明天”“到时候”和“在”“正”“着”表达将来和进行；英语则要把两层意思都体现在动词结构里：will 表将来，be doing 表进行，所以别漏掉 be。

也常用于礼貌、中性地询问对方的计划——这样问不会显得像在请求帮忙：

• Will you be passing the post office later?（比 Will you pass the post office? 更委婉，后者可能听起来像是请求）
• Will you be needing the projector this afternoon?

还可以描述已安排好或可预见的事件，强调事情会按计划或按预期发生，而不是突出临时决定：

• The train will be arriving at platform 4.

以及在将来一段时间内展开的预测趋势：

• Prices will be rising again next year, experts say.

将来完成时——will have + 过去分词

构成： will/won't + have + 过去分词

将来完成时用于将来某个具体时刻之前就已经完成的动作——你是从那个将来的时间点回头看某件已经做完的事：

• By the time you arrive, I'll have cooked dinner.
• She'll have finished the report by Friday.
• Will you have graduated by next summer?

通常会有时间状语标出这个截止点：by + 时间（by six, by 2030）、by the time + 从句，或 before + 时间：

• By the time she's thirty, she'll have written three novels.
• We'll have moved house before the baby is born.

将来完成时不只用来表示已完成的动作——用于状态动词（know, own, be, have）时，它表示一种持续到将来某一时刻的状态：

• By June, I'll have known her for ten years.
• Next spring, they'll have been married for two decades.

将来完成进行时——强调持续时间

一种较少见但很有用的补充结构，把两种意思结合起来：will have been + -ing 强调到将来某一时刻为止，某件事已经持续了多久。

• By June, I'll have been living here for ten years.
• When he retires, he'll have been teaching for thirty years.

这不是本文的重点，但值得了解：它回答的是“持续了多久”，而单纯的将来完成时回答的是“到那时是否已经完成”。遇到状态动词时，改用简单的将来完成时——✅ By then, I'll have known her for ten years，而不是 ❌ I'll have been knowing her。

将来进行时 vs. 将来完成时：关键区别

两种形式都指向将来，但回答的是关于那个将来时刻的不同问题：

比较同一个晚上的两种描述：

• At eight o'clock, we'll be eating dinner.（8点时正在进行）
• By eight o'clock, we'll have eaten dinner.（8点之前已经完成）

时间状语只是线索，不是绝对规则。at、this time、then 通常暗示正在进行；by、by the time、before 通常暗示已经完成。像 already 和 still 这样的词，具体和哪种形式搭配要看意思：I'll still be working（仍在进行）对比 I still won't have finished（还没完成）。

• ✅ This time tomorrow, I'll be sitting on a plane.（那个时刻正在进行）
• ✅ By tomorrow, I'll have finished the essay.（已完成）——⚠️ By tomorrow, I'll be finishing the essay 只有在表示“到时候还在写”而不是“已经写完”时才成立。

常见错误

• ❌ This time next week, I will lying on a beach. → ✅ I will be lying on a beach.（be 是这个结构中不可缺少的一部分）
• ⚠️ By the time you arrive, I will finish dinner 这样说没有语法错误，但没有清楚表明晚饭那时已经做好了。✅ By the time you arrive, I will have finished dinner 才清楚地表示你到达之前晚饭就会做好。
• ❌ She will have arrive by six. → ✅ She will have arrived by six.（要用过去分词，不是动词原形）
• ❌ At eight, we will have eating dinner. → ✅ We will be eating dinner（正在进行）或 ✅ We will have eaten dinner（已完成）——这是两种独立的结构，不能混合使用。
• ❌ I will have finish it tomorrow. → ✅ I will finish it tomorrow（一般将来时）或 ✅ I will have finished it by tomorrow（将来完成时需要一个明确的将来参照点，通常用 by、by the time 或 before）。

小测验

请为每个句子选择将来进行时还是将来完成时。

1. Don't disturb her tomorrow afternoon — she ____ (study) for her exam all afternoon.
2. By the time the film starts, we ____ (already / eat).
3. This time tomorrow, I ____ (fly) over the Atlantic.
4. ____ you ____ (finish) the report by Monday?
5. By 2030, scientists ____ (probably / discover) a cure for the disease.

要点总结

• 将来进行时（will be + -ing）：将来某个具体时刻正在进行的动作——I'll be working at six.
• 将来完成时（will have + 过去分词）：将来某个具体时刻之前已经完成的动作——I'll have finished by six.
• 信号词只是线索，不是绝对规则：at、this time、then 常指向将来进行时；by、by the time、before 常指向将来完成时。
• 将来进行时还常用于礼貌地询问计划（Will you be passing the shop?），也用于已安排的事件或将来趋势。
• 对状态动词（know、own、be）来说，将来完成时表示持续到将来某一时刻的状态——I'll have known her for ten years by June——而不是已完成的动作。
• 将来完成进行时（will have been + -ing）进一步强调持续的时间：I'll have been living here for ten years by June.