当你想表达一个动作的目的——你做这件事是为了什么——英语常常用一个简单的结构:to + 动词原形。I went to the shop to buy milk. 这个小小的 to + 动词 回答的是 Why? 这个问题。
这叫做目的不定式。它是这个级别最实用的结构之一,因为它能把一个动作和它的目的合并到一个自然的句子里。(如果要说原因或解释,而不是目的,英语通常用 because:I stayed home because I was ill,而不是 ❌ to be ill。)
一句话记住:如果你能用 “in order to…” 来回答,就用 to + 动词,不要用 for。I came here to learn English(✅),而不是 ❌ I came here for learn English。
基本结构:to + 动词
要说明一个动作的目的,加上 to + 动词原形:
- I'm saving money to buy a car.
- She went outside to make a phone call.
- We stopped to rest for a few minutes.
- He's learning English to get a better job.
前半部分是动作,to 引出的部分是它背后的目的。在这个不定式的 to 之后,动词保持原形——to buy、to pass、to get——绝不用 to buying,也绝不用 to bought。
通常做第一个动作的人也做目的动作:I went outside to make a call 表示打电话的是我。当第二个动作由别人来做时,英语倾向于换一种结构:I opened the door so that he could come in.
回答 Why?
当答案是一个目的或意图时,目的不定式是回答 why 问句的自然方式:
- Why did you call me? — To invite you to my party.
- Why are you studying so hard? — To pass my exam.
- Why did she go to the station? — To meet a friend.
你可以说整句(I called you to invite you…),也可以只用 to 短语作简短回答(To invite you)。两种都对。
to、in order to、so as to
在这个级别,简单的 to 是主要结构。在稍微正式一点的说法里,你还会遇到 in order to 和 so as to,它们的意思完全一样:
- I left early to catch the train.
- I left early in order to catch the train.
- I left early so as to catch the train.(更正式——主要是认得就好)
在日常口语里,直接用 to 最常见。In order to 比较正式,so as to 更正式一些。
要表达否定的目的(“为了让某事不发生”),最清楚的形式是 in order not to 或 so as not to:
- I wrote it down so as not to forget.
- She spoke quietly in order not to wake the baby.
一个适合 A2 的简单替代说法是 because + 否定:She spoke quietly because she didn't want to wake the baby.
to + 动词 与 for + 名词
大多数学习者都在这里栽跟头。在这个表目的的结构里:
- 动词原形前面用 to:I went to the shop to buy bread.
- 名词前面用 for:I went to the shop for some bread.
所以 for 没问题——但在这个结构里它放在名词前,绝不放在动词原形前:
- ✅ I came here to study English. ❌ I came here for study English.
- ✅ I came here for an English course.(名词 → 用 for 是对的)
要分开记的一点:for + -ing 确实存在,但表达的是另一个意思——某样东西用来做什么:This knife is for cutting bread. 这说的是物品的用途,不是人做某事的目的,所以它不能替代 to + 动词。判断目的的小窍门:如果后面要说的是某人想做的动作,就用 to + 动词原形。
汉语常用“为了 + 动词/短语”表示目的,比如“为了买牛奶,我去了商店”,动词本身不变形。英语不能直接把动词放在表示目的的位置,而要用 to + 动词原形;这一结构通常放在主要动作之后。注意:for 后面接名词,不接动词原形。
常见错误
- ❌ I went out for buy milk. → ✅ I went out to buy milk.(表目的,后面接动词 → 用 to)
- ❌ I came here for to learn English. → ✅ I came here to learn English.(to 前不加 for)
- ❌ She called me for invite me. → ✅ She called me to invite me.
- ❌ He studies hard to passing the exam. → ✅ He studies hard to pass the exam.(to 后用原形)
- ❌ I closed the door for not to wake the baby. → ✅ I closed the door so as not to wake the baby.
快速检测
用 to + 动词 或 for + 名词 补全每个句子:
- I'm going to the library ____ ____ (study).
- We stopped at a café ____ a coffee.(后面接名词)
- Why did you phone her? — ____ ____ (say) thank you.
- He's saving up ____ ____ (buy) a new phone.
显示答案
- to study 2. for(a coffee) 3. To say 4. to buy
要点回顾
- 要说明你为什么做某事,用 to + 动词原形:I called to invite you.
- 它是回答 why 问句的自然方式。
- In order to 和 so as to 与 to 意思相同,只是更正式;否定用 in order not to / so as not to。
- 动词前用 to,名词前用 for:✅ to buy bread、✅ for some bread,绝不用 ❌ for buy bread 或 ❌ for to buy。