当你想表达一个动作的目的——你做这件事是为了什么——英语常常用一个简单的结构:to + 动词原形I went to the shop to buy milk. 这个小小的 to + 动词 回答的是 Why? 这个问题。

这叫做目的不定式。它是这个级别最实用的结构之一,因为它能把一个动作和它的目的合并到一个自然的句子里。(如果要说原因或解释,而不是目的,英语通常用 becauseI stayed home because I was ill,而不是 ❌ to be ill。)

一句话记住:如果你能用 “in order to…” 来回答,就用 to + 动词,不要用 forI came here to learn English(✅),而不是 ❌ I came here for learn English

基本结构:to + 动词

要说明一个动作的目的,加上 to + 动词原形

  • I'm saving money to buy a car.
  • She went outside to make a phone call.
  • We stopped to rest for a few minutes.
  • He's learning English to get a better job.

前半部分是动作,to 引出的部分是它背后的目的。在这个不定式的 to 之后,动词保持原形——to buyto passto get——绝不用 to buying,也绝不用 to bought

通常做第一个动作的人也做目的动作:I went outside to make a call 表示打电话的是。当第二个动作由别人来做时,英语倾向于换一种结构:I opened the door so that he could come in.

回答 Why?

当答案是一个目的或意图时,目的不定式是回答 why 问句的自然方式:

  • Why did you call me?To invite you to my party.
  • Why are you studying so hard?To pass my exam.
  • Why did she go to the station?To meet a friend.

你可以说整句(I called you to invite you…),也可以只用 to 短语作简短回答(To invite you)。两种都对。

toin order toso as to

在这个级别,简单的 to 是主要结构。在稍微正式一点的说法里,你还会遇到 in order toso as to,它们的意思完全一样:

  • I left early to catch the train.
  • I left early in order to catch the train.
  • I left early so as to catch the train.(更正式——主要是认得就好)

在日常口语里,直接用 to 最常见。In order to 比较正式,so as to 更正式一些。

要表达否定的目的(“为了让某事发生”),最清楚的形式是 in order not toso as not to

  • I wrote it down so as not to forget.
  • She spoke quietly in order not to wake the baby.

一个适合 A2 的简单替代说法是 because + 否定:She spoke quietly because she didn't want to wake the baby.

to + 动词for + 名词

大多数学习者都在这里栽跟头。在这个表目的的结构里:

  • 动词原形前面用 toI went to the shop to buy bread.
  • 名词前面用 forI went to the shop for some bread.

所以 for 没问题——但在这个结构里它放在名词前,绝不放在动词原形前:

  • I came here to study English.I came here for study English.
  • I came here for an English course.(名词 → 用 for 是对的)

要分开记的一点:for + -ing 确实存在,但表达的是另一个意思——某样东西用来做什么:This knife is for cutting bread. 这说的是物品的用途,不是人做某事的目的,所以它不能替代 to + 动词。判断目的的小窍门:如果后面要说的是某人想做的动作,就用 to + 动词原形

汉语常用“为了 + 动词/短语”表示目的,比如“为了买牛奶,我去了商店”,动词本身不变形。英语不能直接把动词放在表示目的的位置,而要用 to + 动词原形;这一结构通常放在主要动作之后。注意:for 后面接名词,不接动词原形。

常见错误

  • I went out for buy milk. → ✅ I went out to buy milk.(表目的,后面接动词 → 用 to
  • I came here for to learn English. → ✅ I came here to learn English.to 前不加 for
  • She called me for invite me. → ✅ She called me to invite me.
  • He studies hard to passing the exam. → ✅ He studies hard to pass the exam.to 后用原形)
  • I closed the door for not to wake the baby. → ✅ I closed the door so as not to wake the baby.

快速检测

to + 动词for + 名词 补全每个句子:

  1. I'm going to the library ____ ____ (study).
  2. We stopped at a café ____ a coffee.(后面接名词)
  3. Why did you phone her? — ____ ____ (say) thank you.
  4. He's saving up ____ ____ (buy) a new phone.
显示答案
  1. to study   2. for(a coffee)  3. To say   4. to buy

要点回顾

  • 要说明你为什么做某事,用 to + 动词原形I called to invite you.
  • 它是回答 why 问句的自然方式。
  • In order toso as toto 意思相同,只是更正式;否定用 in order not to / so as not to
  • 动词前用 to名词前用 for:✅ to buy bread、✅ for some bread,绝不用 ❌ for buy bread 或 ❌ for to buy