到这个阶段,althoughdespitebuthowever 应该已经比较熟悉了——如果想复习一下,可以参考 表示原因和对比的连接词。这篇文章要再进一步:介绍一小组连接词,用来把两个事实并列摆在一起、缓和一下对比的语气,或者表达一种更正式、更书面化的让步。这些词的语法通常都很简单——真正的难点在于根据表达的语气选出最合适的那一个。

速记窍门: Whereaswhile 只是把两个事实并列摆在一起,没有意外的意味。Neverthelessnonethelesseven so 是比较正式的说法,表示“尽管如此”。Stillyet 做的是同样的事,但更口语化。On the other hand 用来提出另一种看法,不一定带有意外的意味。

单纯并列两个事实:whereaswhile

Whereas 连接两个只是彼此不同的分句——没有意外的意味,只是单纯的对比。这一点和 although 不同,although 表示某种出乎意料的结果:

  • Tom loves spicy food, whereas his sister can't stand it.(单纯的差异,不是意外)
  • 对比:Although he trained for months, he didn't finish the race.(出乎意料的结果——这里应该用 although,而不是 whereas

在这种用法里,whereas 既可以放在句首,也可以放在句子中间;两种情况下通常都用逗号把两个分句隔开:

  • Whereas older employees prefer email, younger ones prefer messaging apps.
  • Older employees prefer email, whereas younger ones prefer messaging apps.

While 可以和 whereas 起同样的作用(单纯对比),但它可以表示“尽管”,引出真正的让步——这种让步用法完全是标准英语,并不只是口语化的说法,在严谨的书面语中同样常见:

  • While the north of the country is mountainous, the south is mostly flat.(单纯对比,和 whereas 一样)
  • While I understand your point, I still disagree.(让步——和 although 作用相同)

While 还有第三个意思,和上面两个都没有关系:表示时间上的“当……的时候”(the phone rang while I was cooking)。在这种表示时间的用法前面,通常不加逗号,这一点和上面对比/让步的用法不同。具体是哪一个意思,要靠上下文来判断。

正式的让步:neverthelessnonethelesseven so

Neverthelessnonethelesseven so 都大致表示“尽管如此”。和 however(见 B1 文章)一样,它们是副词,不是像 but 那样的连接词——它们不能像 but 那样把两个分句直接连成一句话。当它们这样连接两个完整的意思时,要避免逗号拼接错误(comma splice):前面用句号或分号,后面通常加逗号:

  • The forecast was terrible. Nevertheless, we went ahead with the picnic.
  • Ticket prices have risen sharply; nonetheless, demand hasn't fallen.
  • She'd never studied Japanese before. Even so, she picked up the basics in a few weeks.
  • The forecast was terrible, nevertheless we went ahead. → ✅ The forecast was terrible. Nevertheless, we went ahead.

中文里,“天气很糟,然而我们还是照常野餐”这样用逗号连接前后两层意思很自然;但英语里不能照搬这种标点习惯。英语里,nevertheless 作句间连接副词时不能只靠前面的逗号来连接两个完整句子——通常要用句号或分号,否则就是逗号拼接错误(comma splice)。

Neverthelessnonetheless 几乎可以互换,听起来都比较正式——是报告、论文或新闻文章里常见的连接词。Even so 意思相同,但语气更中性一些,口语中也很常用。这三个词也都可以放在句子中间,用逗号隔开:The plan was risky but, nevertheless, it succeeded.

日常的让步:stillyet

Stillyet 起着和 nevertheless 一样的作用,但语域更口语化。

Still 常常像 however / nevertheless 一样,放在新句句首来承接前一句——前面用句号,后面加逗号:

  • He knew it was risky. Still, he decided to try.

它也可以放在分句内部,位于主要动词之前,不需要额外标点:

  • He knew it was risky, but he still decided to try.

Yet 可以像 but 一样直接连接两个分句(不需要句号,yet 本身后面也不加逗号),而且往往比 but 带有更强的意外意味:

  • It looked simple, yet it took hours to finish.
  • She has very little experience, and yet she's already leading the project.and yet 连用很常见,也很自然)
连接词 语域 标点规则
nevertheless / nonetheless 正式 前面句号/分号,后面逗号
even so 中性 前面句号/分号,后面逗号
still 中性/口语 前面句号/分号,后面逗号
yet 中性 可以像 but 一样直接连接分句

权衡两种看法:on the other hand

On the other hand 用来提出另一种看法,或者从不同角度看问题——不一定要有意外的意味,只是用来平衡一个问题的两个方面。它经常(但不总是)在句首和 on the one hand 搭配使用:

  • On the one hand, remote work gives people more flexibility. On the other hand, it can make teamwork harder.
  • The new policy will save money. On the other hand, it might upset long-term customers.

however 一样,它通常独立成句(或者跟在分号后面),后面加逗号,但也可以放在分句中间,两边都用逗号隔开:

  • Remote work, on the other hand, can make teamwork harder.

常见错误

  • Whereas he was tired, he kept working. → ✅ Although / While he was tired, he kept working.(这是一个出乎意料的结果,不是单纯的对比——whereas 只用来对比;这里需要 although 或表示让步的 while
  • Ticket prices have risen, nonetheless demand hasn't fallen. → ✅ Ticket prices have risen. Nonetheless, demand hasn't fallen.(逗号拼接错误——这里 nonetheless 前面需要句号或分号,不能只用逗号)
  • On the other hand, remote work gives more flexibility, on the other hand it can make teamwork harder. → ✅ On the one hand, remote work gives more flexibility. On the other hand, it can make teamwork harder.(前半句需要 on the one hand,而不是重复用 on the other hand
  • She has little experience, yet, she's already leading the project. → ✅ She has little experience, yet she's already leading the project.yet 直接连接分句时,后面不加逗号)

小测验

每个空该填哪个连接词?

  1. Sales in Europe grew steadily, ____ sales in Asia stayed flat. (whereas / nevertheless)
  2. The exam was difficult. ____, most students passed. (While / Nevertheless)
  3. He apologised, ____ she still refused to speak to him. (yet / whereas)
  4. Buying a house is a big commitment. ____, renting offers more freedom. (On the other hand / Whereas)
查看答案
  1. whereas   2. Nevertheless   3. yet   4. On the other hand

要点总结

  • Whereas 单纯把两个事实并列摆在一起,用逗号连接分句——没有意外的意味,这一点和 although 不同。While 可以起同样的作用,也可以表示“尽管”——具体要看上下文。
  • Neverthelessnonethelesseven so 是从正式到中性、表示“尽管如此”的说法。Still 用法相同,也可以放在主要动词之前,不需要额外的标点。On the other hand 用来提出另一种看法,经常(不总是)和 on the one hand 搭配使用。
  • Yet 可以像 but 一样直接连接两个分句,往往带有更强的意外意味。
  • Neverthelessnonethelesseven sostillon the other hand 跟在一个完整句子后面时,通常需要前面有句号或分号——只用逗号会造成标点拼接错误。Whereaswhileyet 可以直接用逗号连接分句。