定语从句常常可以在不改变核心意思的情况下简化——虽然时态或情态意义可能因此变得含蓄,有时简化后的形式意思也会略有不同。正是这种不断简化的习惯,让流利的英语听起来顺畅而不生硬。其中三种常用方法里,你已经学过两种;本文先简单复习一下,再介绍一种真正的新用法:把定语从句变成带 to 的不定式

速记要点。限定性从句中,如果关系代词是从句的宾语,通常可以省略(the film I recommended)。如果关系代词在从句中作主语,从句通常可以变成 -ing-ed 分词(the man standing by the doorthe bridge built in 1990)。而在最高级、顺序词(first, next, last)、only,或 something 这类泛指/不定代词后面,从句甚至可以直接简化为带 to 的不定式the first person to arrivenothing to worry about)。

你已经学过的两种方法

**在限定性从句中,如果关系代词在从句里充当动词或介词的宾语,通常可以直接省略。**这一点在基本定语从句中已有详细讲解——但在带逗号的非限定性从句中不适用,那里关系代词必须保留(My car, which I bought last year, is red——绝不能说 My car, I bought last year, is red),在正式文体中介词紧接在 whom/which 前面时也不适用:the person to whom I spoke 必须保留关系代词,但如果把介词移到句末,关系代词就可以省略——the person I spoke to

  • the film that I recommendedthe film I recommended
  • the keys that you were looking forthe keys you were looking for

如果关系代词在从句中作主语,通常可以把从句变成分词结构——主动意义用 -ing(尤其是持续性、泛指或同时发生的动作),被动意义(包括已完成的被动事件)用过去分词,大多以 -ed 结尾,但也有不规则形式(built, written, made)。这一点在分词结构中已有详细讲解:

  • the man who is standing by the doorthe man standing by the door
  • the bridge that was built in 1990the bridge built in 1990

本文假设你已经熟悉这两种方法。这里要介绍的是简化定语从句的第三种方式——它的运作原理和前两种不同。

新用法:简化成带 to 的不定式

有些定语从句可以直接简化为带 to 的不定式to + 动词原形):关系代词消失了,通常主语以及表示可能、适合或必要的情态动词(can, should, need to)也隐含在 to 的意思里。与上面的分词模式不同,无论原来的关系代词在从句中作主语还是宾语,这个用法都适用——这里重要的不是语法功能,而是从句表达的意义类型:成就、事件顺序、任务,或者可能性/适合性/必要性。下面这些模式——最高级、顺序词、only 以及不定代词——是 B2 阶段最常见的语境,但同样的不定式也可以出现在其他所指已经明确的名词后面,只要它们表示某项任务或预期事件(the person to contactthe next train to arrive),这一点会在第二节讲到。不过,并非这些语境后面的每个定语从句都会这样简化——关键要看是否真的具有这种意义。比如描述某人一般能力的从句,通常不会这样简化:the man who can speak French 一般仍是完整从句,或变成 the man able to speak French,而不是 the man to speak French——能力和成就、任务或可能性/必要性并不是一回事。

汉语没有和这个不定式模式直接对应的结构——汉语本身也没有独立的不定式标记,定语从句用「的」结构表达(如「我读的书」),描述一个动作用什么方式做则常常靠动词连用或另加词语来表示。所以这个模式需要作为全新的英语用法来记忆,而不是套用汉语里现成的对应说法。

在最高级、顺序词或 only 后面

当定语从句跟在最高级(the best, the smartest)、顺序词(the first, the second, the next, the last)或 only 后面,并且描述一项成就或事件顺序时,通常会简化成带 to 的不定式:

  • She was the first person who arrived at the party.She was the first person to arrive at the party.
  • He was the last one who left the building.He was the last one to leave the building.
  • Maria was the only student who passed the exam.Maria was the only student to pass the exam.

用评价性词语和最高级时,同样的模式也可以表示适合性或推荐,而不是成就:the best book to readthe easiest way to solve the problemthe safest place to stay

这并不适用于这个位置上的所有定语从句,只适用于表达这类意义的从句:the best film that I saw this year 保持不变,或者省略宾语关系代词(the best film I saw this year)——它不会变成 the best film to see this year,那样意思就不同了(变成了推荐,而不是回忆)。

在不定代词,或表示任务/需求的名词后面

不定代词,如 somethingnothinganyone,地点副词,如 nowhere,以及不定名词短语,如 a lot of worka good place,在定语从句表达可能性或必要性时,会很自然地和带 to 的不定式搭配,常伴有情态动词,如 canshould

  • I need something that I can wear to the interview.I need something to wear to the interview.
  • There's nothing that we can do about it now.There's nothing to do about it now.
  • She has no one that she can talk to.She has no one to talk to.
  • We have a lot of work that we need to do before Friday.We have a lot of work to do before Friday.

同样的模式也可以简化跟在所指已经明确的名词后面的定语从句,只要从句表示的是任务、目的或预期事件,而不是普通事实:the person that I need to contactthe person to contactthe next train that arrivesthe next train to arrive

如果关系代词原本是介词的宾语,这个介词就直接留在原来的位置,也就是句末:no one to talk tonothing to worry abouta chair to sit on。当情态动词表示可能性或必要性时,这种简化效果很好;而像 might(不确定)这样的情态动词就不能这样简化——the only person who might know 不能在不改变意思的情况下简化。The only person to know 语法上是对的,但意思是「唯一知道/曾经知道的人」,而不是「可能知道的人」。

被动形式:to be + 过去分词

表示被动意义时,用 to be + 过去分词,而不是普通不定式:

  • the first woman who was elected presidentthe first woman to be elected president
  • a lot of work that needs to be donea lot of work to be done

主动和被动形式意思不同:the first person to choose 表示这个人自己做出选择;the first person to be chosen 表示是别人选中了她。

加上 for + 名词/代词

当不定式动作的执行者和句子其余部分暗示的不同——或者不容易看出来时——可以在不定式前直接加上 for + 名词或代词(用宾格形式:for himfor them,而不是 for hefor they):

  • This isn't the right time for us to discuss it.
  • Here's a good book for beginners to read.

如果动作执行者从句子其余部分已经很清楚,就不需要 forI need something to wear,通常不说 I need something for me to wear

常见错误

  • The book reading was fascinating. → ✅ The book I read was fascinating.book reading 会被理解成一个复合名词——一次阅读活动——而不是描述 the book 的分词;像这样的宾语从句应该省略关系代词,而不是变成分词)
  • She was the first person arrived. → ✅ She was the first person to arrive.(不定式需要保留 to——它不会随着关系代词一起消失)
  • ⚠️ I need something to write. 的意思是「我需要一个话题或一段文字来写」——要表达「我需要一支笔」,正确的说法是 ✅ I need something to write with.(原来从句需要的介词——something that I can write with ——在简化版本中也必须保留)
  • He's the only one to can help. → ✅ He's the only one who can help / the only one able to help。(canto 不能一起使用;表示已完成的动作时,He was the only one to help me 的意思是「他是唯一帮助过我的人」)
  • The man to speak French got the job. → ✅ The man who can speak French got the job.(不定式简化表达的是成就、任务、顺序或可能性/必要性——而不是描述某人一般能力的普通从句)

小测验

用最自然的方式简化下面每个定语从句。

  1. This is the photo that I took last year.
  2. The man who is waiting outside is my brother.
  3. She was the first person that arrived at the party.
  4. There's nothing that we can do about it.
  5. The letters that were sent yesterday haven't arrived yet.
查看答案
  1. This is the photo I took last year.(省略宾语关系代词)
  2. The man waiting outside is my brother.(关系代词作主语 → -ing)
  3. She was the first person to arrive at the party.(顺序词 → 带 to 的不定式)
  4. There's nothing to do about it.(不定代词 → 带 to 的不定式)
  5. The letters sent yesterday haven't arrived yet.(关系代词作主语,被动 → -ed)

重点回顾

  • 在限定性从句中,如果关系代词是从句的宾语,通常可以省略:the film I recommended。在带逗号的非限定性从句中,它必须始终保留。
  • 关系代词作主语的定语从句通常可以变成 -ing 或过去分词结构:主动意义用 -ing,被动意义(包括已完成的被动事件)用过去分词,大多以 -ed 结尾,也有不规则形式:the man standing by the doorthe bridge built in 1990
  • 在最高级、顺序词(first, next, last)、only,或 something 这类不定代词、nowhere 这类地点副词后面,表达成就、顺序、可能性或必要性的从句常常会简化成带 to 的不定式the first person to arrivenothing to worry about。同样的模式也可以跟在表示任务或预期事件的、所指已经明确的名词后面:the person to contact
  • 与分词模式不同,不定式模式既可用于关系代词作主语的定语从句,也可用于关系代词作宾语的定语从句,原来从句需要的介词会留在句末:no one to talk to。表示被动意义时用 to be + 过去分词the first woman to be elected president
  • 当不定式动作的执行者不明显时,可以在它前面加上 for + 名词/代词a good book for beginners to read