分词结构可以在不用 because、while 这类连词,也不用 who、which 这类关系代词的情况下,把两个相关的意思连接起来——省去重复的主语和助动词,把完整谓语改成分词形式(-ing 或 -ed)。这种写法更简洁流畅,常见于较正式的写作,也会出现在简洁、凝练的口语表达中。
中文动词没有 -ing/-ed 这样的词形变化,也不会通过改变动词形式来压缩从句。中文常用语序、语境或“因为”“当……时”“然后”等连接手段来表达关系;英语分词结构则要求你根据主动/被动意义选择不同形式,这是中文母语者需要特别留意的地方。
简单来说:-ing 结构通常表示主动意义(主语主动做某事),-ed 结构通常表示被动意义或结果状态(某事被施加于主语,或已经发生)。也有更高级的被动 -ing 形式(being watched),不过上面这个简单规则已经涵盖了大多数日常情况。
-ing 结构(现在分词)
-ing 结构表示主语主动在做某事。根据意思不同,它可以替换几种不同类型的完整从句:
两个动作同时发生,或一个动作紧接着另一个发生(两部分主语相同):
- Smiling, she opened the door. = She smiled and opened the door.
- Grabbing his coat, he ran out into the rain. = He grabbed his coat and ran out into the rain.
表示原因(相当于 because / since):
- Not knowing anyone at the party, I left early. = Because I didn't know anyone at the party, I left early.
- Being new to the city, she asked her colleague for directions. = Since she was new to the city, ...
修饰名词,代替带 who / which + 相应动词的主动关系从句(完整的代词版本见**限定性定语从句**)。无论这个名词是句子的主语还是宾语,这个用法都成立:
- The man standing by the door is my uncle. = The man who is standing by the door...
- I spoke to the woman sitting near the window. = I spoke to the woman who was sitting near the window.
- Anyone arriving after 9pm will need a key. = Anyone who arrives after 9pm...
分词本身不表示时态——时间要靠上下文来判断,就像上面完整版本里的 is/was/arrives 一样。这种结构最适合表示持续、习惯性或已安排好的动作,而不适合表示过去已经完成的某个单一事件(the man who arrived yesterday 比 the man arriving yesterday 自然得多)。
-ed 结构(过去分词)
-ed 结构(或不规则过去分词:written、given、broken、taken 等)通常表示被动意义,或者描述某个动作留下的状态或结果——主语并不是动作的执行者:
- Written in a hurry, the report contained several errors. = Because it was written in a hurry, the report contained several errors.
- Confused by the instructions, she asked for help. = Because she was confused by the instructions, she asked for help.
和 -ing 结构一样,-ed 结构也可以修饰名词(主语或宾语),代替被动关系从句:
- The bridge built in 1990 is still standing. = The bridge that/which was built in 1990...
- We reviewed the documents sent yesterday. = We reviewed the documents that/which were sent yesterday.
位于句首(或句尾)时的黄金法则
这条规则专门针对上面讲到的原因/时间/顺序这种用法,也就是分词结构位于句首或句尾、而不是紧跟在名词后面的情况。这时,分词结构隐含的主语必须和后面主句的主语相同。如果不同,就会出现悬垂分词——一种常见、而且常常无意间显得很滑稽的错误:
- ❌ Walking to the station, the rain started.(雨又不会走去车站!)
- ✅ Walking to the station, I got caught in the rain. / ✅ While I was walking to the station, the rain started.
(上面讲到的修饰名词的用法则不同——分词只是修饰它前面的那个名词,不管这个名词是主语还是宾语,所以这条规则不适用于那种情况。)
还有一种更高级的分词形式,having + 过去分词(Having finished the report, she went home),用来表示一个动作在另一个动作发生前已经完成——这部分内容会在更高级的阶段单独讲解。
常见错误
- ❌ Walking to the station, the rain started. → ✅ While I was walking to the station, the rain started.(悬垂分词——雨不能走路)
- ❌ Frightening by the noise, the dog ran away. → ✅ Frightened by the noise, the dog ran away.(狗受到了惊吓,意思是被动的,所以要用 -ed 形式,而不是 -ing)
- ❌ Interesting in the topic, she asked more questions. → ✅ Interested in the topic, she asked more questions.(她是对这个话题感兴趣的人——这里用表示状态/感受的 -ed,而不是主动意义的 -ing)
- ❌ Break the window he cut his hand.(缺少分词形式和逗号)→ ✅ While breaking the window, he cut his hand.
小测验
用括号中动词的正确分词形式补全每个句子。
- ____ (not / know) the way, we asked a police officer for directions.
- The parcel, ____ (damage) during delivery, was sent back to the shop.
- ____ (feel) exhausted, she decided to go to bed early.
- Anyone ____ (interest) in the job should apply by Friday.
- ____ (surprise) by the news, he sat down in silence.
查看答案
- Not knowing 2. damaged 3. Feeling 4. interested 5. Surprised
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重点回顾
- -ing 结构通常表示主动意义(主语主动做动作)——用于同时发生的动作、紧接着发生的动作、原因,以及用来修饰名词以代替主动关系从句。
- -ed 结构(或不规则过去分词)通常表示被动意义,或描述某种结果状态——用于原因,以及用来修饰名词以代替被动关系从句。
- 这两种结构都可以代替带 who/which/that 的关系从句,但最适合持续性、习惯性或已安排好的动作——不适合过去已经完成的单一事件。
- 在位于句首或句尾的结构里,分词隐含的主语必须和主句的主语一致,否则就会出现悬垂分词;这条规则不适用于直接修饰名词的分词,因为那个名词既可以是主语,也可以是宾语。
- interest、frighten、bore、confuse 这类表示情绪或感受的动词需要特别注意:感受这种情绪的人用 -ed 形式(interested),而引发这种情绪的事物用 -ing 形式(interesting)。