限定性定语从句精确说明你指的究竟是谁或什么——去掉它,句子就会失去必要的信息,甚至变得没有意义:

The woman who lives next door is a doctor. 如果没有这个从句,the woman 可能是任何一个女人。正是这个从句告诉你说的是哪一位。

如果你已经熟悉简单情况下的 whowhichthat,这篇文章会在此基础上再介绍两个关系代词——whosewhom——并说明如何围绕介词构建定语从句。

简要规则: 限定性从句用来限定名词的范围,不用逗号隔开。除了 who / which / that,本文还会加入 whose(表示所属关系,是个很常用的词),以及日常口语中不那么常用的 whom 和介词前置结构——这些在正式书面语中比在日常口语中更常见。

为什么叫“限定性”

限定性定语从句会缩小所指的范围。对比一下:

  • The students who finished early could leave. ——只是一部分学生,那些提前完成的学生。
  • My brother, who lives in Berlin, is visiting next week. ——关于某个具体兄弟的补充信息,通常暗示说话人只有这一个兄弟,或者听者已经清楚指的是哪一位。

第二种(带逗号,添加非必要的补充信息)叫做非限定性定语从句——是相关但不同的结构,留待后面的主题讨论。除了这一处对比例句外,本文接下来出现的所有定语从句都是限定性的:不加逗号,去掉从句会改变句子所指的人或事物。

Whose:表示所属关系

Whose 用来替代名词前的物主限定词或所有格形式(hisheritstheir,或 X's),既可指人也可指物:

  • That's the man. His dog barks all night.That's the man whose dog barks all night.
  • I met a writer. Her first novel became a bestseller.I met a writer whose first novel became a bestseller.
  • The company whose logo you saw is opening a new office.

在定语从句中,whose 直接放在名词前面:✅ the man whose dog barks,绝不说 ❌ the man whose barks

中文常用“……的”来表达类似关系,比如可以说“他的狗整夜叫的那个男人”,或更自然地说“狗整夜叫的那个男人”。要注意的是,英语不能把 whose 单独当“谁的”用完就结束——whose 后面必须紧跟一个名词,如 whose dogwhose first novel,而且它的形式不会因为所有者是男是女、是单数还是复数而改变。

Whom:正式的宾格关系代词

Whomwho 的宾格形式,用于指人且在从句中充当宾语(而非主语)的情况。它比 whothat 更正式,常见于书面语,也常出现在介词之后:

  • The professor whom I emailed replied quickly.(比 the professor who/that I emailed 更正式)
  • The guests whom we had invited earlier arrived first.

当关系代词充当宾语时,日常口语通常更倾向于用 whothat——甚至完全省略关系代词,就像基本定语从句一文中所讲的那样:the professor I emailedthe professor who I emailedWhom 最好留给正式书面语使用——在标准英语中,它是紧跟在介词之后、用来指人的关系代词,就像 which 用来指物一样。在这个阶段,能在正式文本中认出 whom 比自己主动使用它更重要;随着你自己的写作越来越正式,它才会变得更实用。

围绕介词构建的定语从句

有些定语从句需要介词——live in a houselook at a photorely on someone。处理方式有两种,一种比另一种更正式:

语域 例句
正式:介词 + which / whom the house in which I grew up
日常:介词放句末,关系代词可省略 the house which/that I grew up inthe house I grew up in

当介词被前置时,正式标准英语中指物用 which,指人用 whom——✅ the topic about which we spoke,✅ the person about whom we spoke,绝不说 ❌ the person about who we spoke。介词也可以和 whose + 名词 一起前置:✅ the man to whose house we were invited。作关系代词的 that 绝不会直接跟在介词后面:绝不说 ❌ the topic about that we spoke。日常英语几乎总是更倾向于把介词留在句末,这样就完全绕开了这个问题:

  • The colleague with whom I work is moving abroad.The colleague I work with is moving abroad.
  • That's the topic about which we talked.That's the topic we talked about.

对于地点,日常英语常常改用关系副词 where,而不用 in/at whichthe city where I was bornthe café where we met——这本身是一个独立话题,值得单独写一篇文章。

常见错误

  • This is the house which I grew up. → ✅ This is the house which/that I grew up in. / This is the house in which I grew up.(介词不能就这么消失——它要么移到句末,要么和 which 一起前置)
  • That's the topic about that we spoke. → ✅ That's the topic about which we spoke. / That's the topic that we spoke about.(作关系代词的 that 绝不直接跟在介词后面)
  • I met a writer who's first novel became a bestseller. → ✅ I met a writer whose first novel became a bestseller.whose 表示所属;who's = who is / who has
  • The man whom called me is my neighbour. → ✅ The man who called me is my neighbour.whom 只用于宾语角色,绝不能作主语)
  • That's the man whose his dog barks all night. → ✅ That's the man whose dog barks all night.whose 已经表达了所属关系——不需要再加 his

小测验

补全下列句子。有些句子不止一个正确答案;答案会给出日常说法,也会在适当时给出更正式的说法。

  1. She's the colleague ____ I share an office with.
  2. That's the author ____ latest book just won an award.
  3. The city ____ I was born is on the coast.
  4. He's the client ____ we're meeting tomorrow.
查看答案
  1. who/that,或省略——the colleague I share an office with。更正式:the colleague with whom I share an office
  2. whose——the author whose latest book…(所属关系)
  3. where,或 that/which … in——the city where I was born / the city I was born in;更正式:the city in which I was born
  4. whom(或者更自然地,直接省略)——the client whom we're meeting / the client we're meeting

要点回顾

  • 限定性定语从句精确说明所指的人或事物——不加逗号,去掉它会改变句子的意思。
  • Whose 表示所属关系(the man whose dog barks),直接放在名词前面。
  • Whomwho 的正式宾格形式——在书面语中很自然,紧跟介词时是必需的,但在日常口语中常被 who/that 取代,或者干脆省略。
  • Whichwhomwhose(在其名词前)都可以直接跟在介词后面(in whichwith whomto whose house),但 that 作关系代词时绝不可以;正式标准英语在这个位置用 whom,而不是 who:不说 ❌ the house in that I grew up,也不说 ❌ the person about who we spoke
  • 日常英语通常更倾向于把介词留在定语从句末尾:the house I grew up in 而不是 the house in which I grew up