限定性定语从句精确说明你指的究竟是谁或什么——去掉它,句子就会失去必要的信息,甚至变得没有意义:
The woman who lives next door is a doctor. 如果没有这个从句,the woman 可能是任何一个女人。正是这个从句告诉你说的是哪一位。
如果你已经熟悉简单情况下的 who、which 和 that,这篇文章会在此基础上再介绍两个关系代词——whose 和 whom——并说明如何围绕介词构建定语从句。
简要规则: 限定性从句用来限定名词的范围,不用逗号隔开。除了 who / which / that,本文还会加入 whose(表示所属关系,是个很常用的词),以及日常口语中不那么常用的 whom 和介词前置结构——这些在正式书面语中比在日常口语中更常见。
为什么叫“限定性”
限定性定语从句会缩小所指的范围。对比一下:
- The students who finished early could leave. ——只是一部分学生,那些提前完成的学生。
- My brother, who lives in Berlin, is visiting next week. ——关于某个具体兄弟的补充信息,通常暗示说话人只有这一个兄弟,或者听者已经清楚指的是哪一位。
第二种(带逗号,添加非必要的补充信息)叫做非限定性定语从句——是相关但不同的结构,留待后面的主题讨论。除了这一处对比例句外,本文接下来出现的所有定语从句都是限定性的:不加逗号,去掉从句会改变句子所指的人或事物。
Whose:表示所属关系
Whose 用来替代名词前的物主限定词或所有格形式(his、her、its、their,或 X's),既可指人也可指物:
- That's the man. His dog barks all night. → That's the man whose dog barks all night.
- I met a writer. Her first novel became a bestseller. → I met a writer whose first novel became a bestseller.
- The company whose logo you saw is opening a new office.
在定语从句中,whose 直接放在名词前面:✅ the man whose dog barks,绝不说 ❌ the man whose barks。
中文常用“……的”来表达类似关系,比如可以说“他的狗整夜叫的那个男人”,或更自然地说“狗整夜叫的那个男人”。要注意的是,英语不能把 whose 单独当“谁的”用完就结束——whose 后面必须紧跟一个名词,如 whose dog、whose first novel,而且它的形式不会因为所有者是男是女、是单数还是复数而改变。
Whom:正式的宾格关系代词
Whom 是 who 的宾格形式,用于指人且在从句中充当宾语(而非主语)的情况。它比 who 或 that 更正式,常见于书面语,也常出现在介词之后:
- The professor whom I emailed replied quickly.(比 the professor who/that I emailed 更正式)
- The guests whom we had invited earlier arrived first.
当关系代词充当宾语时,日常口语通常更倾向于用 who 或 that——甚至完全省略关系代词,就像基本定语从句一文中所讲的那样:the professor I emailed,the professor who I emailed。Whom 最好留给正式书面语使用——在标准英语中,它是紧跟在介词之后、用来指人的关系代词,就像 which 用来指物一样。在这个阶段,能在正式文本中认出 whom 比自己主动使用它更重要;随着你自己的写作越来越正式,它才会变得更实用。
围绕介词构建的定语从句
有些定语从句需要介词——live in a house、look at a photo、rely on someone。处理方式有两种,一种比另一种更正式:
| 语域 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 正式:介词 + which / whom | the house in which I grew up |
| 日常:介词放句末,关系代词可省略 | the house which/that I grew up in 或 the house I grew up in |
当介词被前置时,正式标准英语中指物用 which,指人用 whom——✅ the topic about which we spoke,✅ the person about whom we spoke,绝不说 ❌ the person about who we spoke。介词也可以和 whose + 名词 一起前置:✅ the man to whose house we were invited。作关系代词的 that 绝不会直接跟在介词后面:绝不说 ❌ the topic about that we spoke。日常英语几乎总是更倾向于把介词留在句末,这样就完全绕开了这个问题:
- The colleague with whom I work is moving abroad. → The colleague I work with is moving abroad.
- That's the topic about which we talked. → That's the topic we talked about.
对于地点,日常英语常常改用关系副词 where,而不用 in/at which:the city where I was born,the café where we met——这本身是一个独立话题,值得单独写一篇文章。
常见错误
- ❌ This is the house which I grew up. → ✅ This is the house which/that I grew up in. / This is the house in which I grew up.(介词不能就这么消失——它要么移到句末,要么和 which 一起前置)
- ❌ That's the topic about that we spoke. → ✅ That's the topic about which we spoke. / That's the topic that we spoke about.(作关系代词的 that 绝不直接跟在介词后面)
- ❌ I met a writer who's first novel became a bestseller. → ✅ I met a writer whose first novel became a bestseller.(whose 表示所属;who's = who is / who has)
- ❌ The man whom called me is my neighbour. → ✅ The man who called me is my neighbour.(whom 只用于宾语角色,绝不能作主语)
- ❌ That's the man whose his dog barks all night. → ✅ That's the man whose dog barks all night.(whose 已经表达了所属关系——不需要再加 his)
小测验
补全下列句子。有些句子不止一个正确答案;答案会给出日常说法,也会在适当时给出更正式的说法。
- She's the colleague ____ I share an office with.
- That's the author ____ latest book just won an award.
- The city ____ I was born is on the coast.
- He's the client ____ we're meeting tomorrow.
查看答案
- who/that,或省略——the colleague I share an office with。更正式:the colleague with whom I share an office。
- whose——the author whose latest book…(所属关系)
- where,或 that/which … in——the city where I was born / the city I was born in;更正式:the city in which I was born。
- whom(或者更自然地,直接省略)——the client whom we're meeting / the client we're meeting。
要点回顾
- 限定性定语从句精确说明所指的人或事物——不加逗号,去掉它会改变句子的意思。
- Whose 表示所属关系(the man whose dog barks),直接放在名词前面。
- Whom 是 who 的正式宾格形式——在书面语中很自然,紧跟介词时是必需的,但在日常口语中常被 who/that 取代,或者干脆省略。
- Which、whom 和 whose(在其名词前)都可以直接跟在介词后面(in which、with whom、to whose house),但 that 作关系代词时绝不可以;正式标准英语在这个位置用 whom,而不是 who:不说 ❌ the house in that I grew up,也不说 ❌ the person about who we spoke。
- 日常英语通常更倾向于把介词留在定语从句末尾:the house I grew up in 而不是 the house in which I grew up。