英语有一整套介词,用来描述某人或某物如何移动。它们回答诸如"你去哪儿?""你从哪边来的?""你是怎么经过那里的?"这类问题。
这些介词大多能给人直观的画面感——把移动轨迹想象成地图上的一支箭头,往往就能判断该用哪个词。小贴士: 移动介词描述的是动作的路径。She walked through the park——箭头从一侧进入,从另一侧穿出。
出发点与目的地:from、to、towards / toward、away from
这四个介词说明移动的起点或目标方向:
| 介词 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| from | 出发点 | We travelled from London to Paris. |
| to | 朝目的地移动 | I'm going to work. |
| towards / toward | 朝某方向移动(不一定抵达) | She walked towards the door. |
| away from | 远离某物 | He ran away from the noise. |
to 与 towards 的区别:
- I walked to the park.——动作完成,通常理解为已经到达。
- I walked towards the park.——我朝那个方向走去,但也许没走到。
towards(英式英语更常见)和 toward(美式英语更常见)都正确,阅读时两种形式都会遇到。
进入与离开:into、out of、onto、off
这些介词描述穿越边界的移动——进入封闭空间或离开封闭空间,移上某表面或离开某表面。
中文常用"进去、出来、上去、下来"等趋向补语来表达路径;英语则通常要靠介词来说明路径,例如 go into the room、come out of the building,不要只盯着动词本身。
| 介词 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| into | 进入封闭空间 | She walked into the room. |
| out of | 离开封闭空间 | He ran out of the building. |
| onto | 移动到某表面上 | The cat jumped onto the table. |
| off | 离开某表面 | She fell off the bike. |
into 和 onto 特别强调位置发生了变化。in 和 on 跟在运动动词之后也可以出现,但侧重最终所在的位置:
- She put the keys in / into her bag.——两者皆可;into 更突出"放进去"这个动作。
- The ball rolled on / onto the grass.——两者皆可;onto 强调从别处移动到草地表面上。
穿越空间:across、through、along、past、around
这些介词描述在空间中移动或穿越空间的不同方式:
| 介词 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| across | 从一侧到另一侧 | She swam across the river. |
| through | 穿过封闭或密集的空间 | We drove through the tunnel. |
| along | 沿着某物的长度方向移动 | Let's walk along the beach. |
| past | 经过某固定地点 | Turn left just past the school. |
| around | 沿弧形或圆形路线移动 | We walked around the lake. |
across 与 through 的区别是最值得掌握的之一:
- across = 从某个地点或平面的一侧到另一侧(如道路、河流、桥梁):We walked across the bridge.
- through = 穿过有围合感或密度的空间:The train went through the tunnel. · We walked through the forest.
两者都可用于树林:across the forest 指从一个边缘到另一个边缘;through the forest 指在树木之间穿行(更常用)。
up、down、over、under
这些介词描述与高度相关的移动,或从某物上方/下方经过:
| 介词 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| up | 向上移动 | She climbed up the stairs. |
| down | 向下移动 | He ran down the hill. |
| over | 从上方越过 | The bird flew over the roof. |
| under | 从下方穿过 | We crawled under the fence. |
over 与 across 都可表示"穿越",但路径高度不同:
- We drove across the bridge.(沿桥面通过)
- The plane flew over the city.(从上方)
常见错误
- ❌ The cat fell from the roof. → ✅ The cat fell off the roof.(off = 离开某表面;from 只表示出发点)
- ❌ She climbed up to the stairs. → ✅ She climbed up the stairs.(up to = 到达某一点,而非沿某物向上爬)
- ❌ We drove through the bridge. → ✅ We drove across the bridge.(过桥是在桥面上通过,不是在封闭空间里穿行)
- ❌ He walked to the direction of the exit. → ✅ He walked towards the exit.(用 towards,不用 to the direction of)
- ❌ She jumped on the stage from the side. → ✅ She jumped onto the stage.(跳上某表面时,onto 更准确)
快速练习
哪个介词最合适?
- We drove ___ the tunnel.(across / through)
- She walked ___ the room and sat down.(into / to)
- The children ran ___ the hill as fast as they could.(down / under)
- He jumped ___ the wall and landed in the garden.(over / across)
- You go ___ the post office and turn left.(past / along)
显示答案
- through 2. into 3. down 4. over 5. past
要点总结
- from = 出发点;to = 目的地或目标(动作完成时通常理解为到达);towards / toward = 朝某方向移动(不一定抵达);away from = 远离。
- into / out of 描述进入或离开封闭空间;onto / off 描述移上或离开某表面。
- in / on 可跟在运动动词后,但侧重最终位置;into / onto 标记穿越边界的过程。
- across = 从一侧到另一侧;through = 穿过封闭或密集的空间。
- along = 沿着;past = 经过某点;around = 沿弧形路线。
- over = 从上方越过;under = 从下方穿过;up / down = 高度变化。