Er muss krank sein. Er war die ganze Woche nicht im Büro.He must be ill — he hasn't been in the office all week.
The same modal verbs that express permission and obligation can also express how sure you are that something is true. Er muss arbeiten is an obligation; Er muss krank sein is a conclusion — the speaker is almost certain, based on the evidence.
Quick shortcut: the certainty scale runs muss (I'm sure) → dürfte / müsste (probably) → kann / könnte (possibly) → mag (may well). The structure is always modal + infinitive at the end (Er muss jetzt zu Hause sein.). To say something is impossible, use kann nicht, never muss nicht.
Two jobs for one verb
Every German modal has an objective use (facts about permission, obligation, ability) and a subjective use (the speaker's assessment of a claim):
| Verb | Objective | Subjective |
|---|---|---|
| müssen | Ich muss um 8 anfangen. (obligation) | Sie muss im Stau stehen. (near-certain guess) |
| können | Er kann schwimmen. (ability) | Das kann ein Fehler sein. (possibility) |
| dürfen | Du darfst rein. (permission) | — (the subjective form is the Konjunktiv II dürfte) |
What sets the two apart is what the sentence is doing: a subjective modal reports the speaker's inference about a situation; an objective modal assigns an obligation, a permission, or an ability. The same words can go either way — Sie muss arbeiten is an obligation in one context ("her shift starts now") and a guess in another ("the light's on — she must be working") — so it is the surrounding situation that decides.
The certainty scale
For a guess about the present, the modal stays finite in second position and the infinitive closes the clause:
| Modal | Roughly | Example |
|---|---|---|
| muss | "must be" — I'm all but certain | Bei dem Lärm muss die Party nebenan sein. |
| dürfte | "is probably" — a cautious estimate | Sie dürfte inzwischen zu Hause sein. |
| müsste | "should be" — expected, if things are normal | Der Zug müsste gleich kommen. |
| kann / könnte | "may / might be" — one open possibility | Das könnte teuer werden. |
| mag | "may well be" — conceding the point (formal) | Das mag stimmen, aber … |
könnte is a softer, more tentative kann; müsste a softer muss. Both are Konjunktiv II forms — the same ones taught with Konjunktiv II: hätte, wäre, könnte.
dürfte: the polite "probably"
For a subjective guess, dürfen appears as the Konjunktiv II dürfte — its plain present darf only ever means permission. In a statement about how things are, dürfte signals a considered, fairly confident estimate, a notch below muss:
- Das dürfte kein Problem sein. — "That shouldn't be a problem."
- Die Reparatur dürfte etwa 200 Euro kosten.
For a probability judgement from evidence, this is dürfte, not würde. Das würde kein Problem sein normally needs a stated or implied condition ("… if we did it that way"), so on its own it doesn't carry the "probably" meaning.
Saying something is impossible
The opposite of muss ("must be") is not muss nicht. Er muss nicht zu Hause sein means "he doesn't have to be home" — an objective statement about obligation. To say a claim is impossible, negate können:
- ✅ Das kann nicht wahr sein. — "That can't be true."
- ❌ Das muss nicht wahr sein. (means: it isn't necessarily true — a different claim)
Assessing the past
To guess about something already over, keep the modal in the present but use a perfect infinitive (Partizip II + haben or sein):
- Er muss die Nachricht gesehen haben. — "He must have seen the message."
- Sie dürfte schon gegangen sein. — "She's probably already left."
The word order is fixed: participle, then the infinitive of haben/sein, right at the end. This is the same past-assessment idea behind Konjunktiv II of the past, without the counterfactual meaning.
Telling the two readings apart
- Er kann gut kochen. — ability (objective).
- Er kann jetzt in der Küche sein. — possibility (subjective): the speaker is guessing where he is.
- Du musst müde sein. — "you must be tired" (subjective): a conclusion from how you look, not an instruction.
When both readings are genuinely available, stress and situation decide; in writing, add an adverb (bestimmt, wahrscheinlich, vielleicht) if the guess reading needs to be unmistakable.
Common mistakes
- ❌ Das muss nicht wahr sein. (for "that can't be true") → ✅ Das kann nicht wahr sein.
- ❌ Er dürfte schon zu Hause. → ✅ Er dürfte schon zu Hause sein. (the infinitive can't be dropped)
- ❌ Das würde teuer sein. (as a bare probability estimate) → ✅ Das dürfte teuer werden. / Das könnte teuer werden.
- ❌ Er muss krank sein gewesen. → ✅ Er muss krank gewesen sein. (participle, then sein, at the very end)
- ❌ Sie kann im Stau stehen meaning "she must be stuck in traffic" → ✅ Sie muss im Stau stehen. (kann is only "might"; muss is the confident guess)
Quick check
Rewrite each guess using the modal in brackets.
- "She must be tired." (müssen) — Sie ___ müde ___.
- "He's probably still at work." (dürfte) — Er ___ noch bei der Arbeit ___.
- "That might be a mistake." (können) — Das ___ ein Fehler ___.
- "That can't be right." (können, negated) — Das ___ ___ ___ ___.
- "They must have missed the train." (müssen, past) — Sie ___ den Zug ___ ___.
Show answers
- Sie muss müde sein.
- Er dürfte noch bei der Arbeit sein.
- Das könnte ein Fehler sein. (kann also works)
- Das kann nicht richtig sein.
- Sie müssen den Zug verpasst haben.
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Key takeaways
- German modals do double duty: müssen is obligation or a near-certain guess, können is ability/permission or a possibility.
- Certainty scale: muss (sure) → dürfte / müsste (probably) → kann / könnte (possibly) → mag (concede).
- The structure is modal + infinitive at the end; the infinitive is never dropped.
- "Can't be" is kann nicht + infinitive, never muss nicht (which means "doesn't have to").
- For the past, keep the modal present and use a perfect infinitive: Er muss es vergessen haben.
- dürfte (Konjunktiv II) is the standard evidential "probably"; würde + infinitive normally needs a condition behind it.