英语里,有些东西可以一个一个地数:one book, two books, three books。另一些却不能,你绝不会说 three advicestwo informations。英语对这两类名词的处理方式不同,一旦你能把它们区分开,许多小选择(用不用 a、用 much 还是 many、用 is 还是 are)就会自然而然地各就各位。

快速判断。 能不能在前面加数字并构成复数?one apple, two apples可数。如果不能(two advicesthree musics),这个词就是当作不可数名词使用的:没有复数、没有 a/an,动词用单数

可数名词是可以指着数的一个个独立事物:a chair, three chairs不可数名词是一种用来计量而非清点的物质或材料:water, rice, money, music, information。下面的大部分区别都直接源于这一个想法。

可数名词

可数名词的表现和你预期的一样:

  • 它有单数复数a dog → two dogsone child → three children
  • 单数通常需要一个限定词,不能单独出现:✅ I have a dog、✅ the dog、✅ my dog,绝不能 ❌ I have dog
  • 前面可以加数字four cupsten pencils
  • 普通的复数搭配复数动词The keys are on the table.

如果你想复习复数的构成(包括 child → children 这类不规则形式),那是 Plural nouns 的内容。

不可数名词

不可数名词指的是被看作一个整体、而不是一个个单位的东西(既包括物质名词,也包括 advice, information, fun 这类抽象名词)。当一个词这样使用时,它的表现如下:

  • 没有复数形式:✅ information,绝不能 ❌ informations
  • 不用 a / an:✅ I need advice,绝不能 ❌ an advice
  • 前面不直接加数字:✅ some bread,而不是 two bread
  • 搭配单数动词The news is good.——即使这个词看起来像复数。

汉语名词本身通常不变形,“一杯水”“一条建议”都靠量词来表示数量,所以英语里 a glass ofa piece of 这种结构对你并不陌生;真正需要适应的是:英语还要给可数名词加复数 -s,并区分可数与不可数。

常见的不可数名词可以分成几组:

类别 例子
液体与材料 water, milk, oil, air, wood, gold
看作整体的食物 rice, bread, cheese, sugar, meat, butter
抽象概念 advice, information, news, knowledge, help, fun
活动与学科 work, music, homework, traffic, weather
你会想去数的“集合” money, furniture, luggage, equipment

最后一行最容易让学习者栽跟头。Moneyfurnitureluggageequipment 感觉像可数的——毕竟你看得见一枚枚硬币、一把把椅子——但英语把它们当作一个不可数的整体:✅ The furniture is new,绝不能 ❌ The furnitures are new

有几个以 -s 结尾的词是不可数的,而不是复数:newsphysicsmathematicsmaths)。它们搭配单数动词——Mathematics is my favourite subject.

如何数不可数名词

你仍然可以数不可数名词的数量——办法是用 of 连接容器或单位词,数的是容器、单位或份数

  • a glass of watertwo glasses of water
  • a piece of advicethree pieces of advice
  • a slice of breada loaf of bread
  • a bottle of milka cup of coffeea bag of rice
  • a bit of / a piece of information

这里变复数的是单位,而不是那个不可数名词:✅ two pieces of advice,绝不能 ❌ two advices

数量词:some, any, much, many, a lot of

选哪个表数量的词,取决于名词的类型:

可数(复数) 不可数
肯定句 some apples some water
疑问句/否定句 any apples any water
“大量” many apples / a lot of apples much water / a lot of water
“少量” a few apples a little water

关键的对立:

  • many 配可数,much 配不可数:✅ many friends、✅ much time——不能说 ❌ much friends 或 ❌ many money
  • a few(可数)对 a little(不可数):✅ a few coins、✅ a little money
  • a lot of 最省心——它两者都能配a lot of booksa lot of bread。在日常的肯定句里,它往往比 much 更自然:I have a lot of work 听起来比 I have much work 更顺。

表格简化了一点:any 通常用于否定句和不带特殊期待的一般疑问句(I don't have any waterDo you have any water?),而 some 则常用于肯定句以及提议或请求(Would you like some water?Can I have some water?)。

这里只是概览——Some, any, much, many, a lot ofQuantifiers (few, a few, little, a little) 各自讲得更深入。

既可数又不可数的名词

许多名词要看具体意思,既可以作可数名词,也可以作不可数名词——通常是“泛指材料”(不可数)对“它的一个单位/一种/一份”(可数):

不可数(物质本身) 可数(一个单位或一种)
I'd love some coffee. Two coffees, please.(=两杯)
Put some paper in the printer. I bought a paper.(=一份报纸)
Her hair is long. There's a hair in my soup.(=一根头发)
Do you like cheese? It's a cheese from France.(=一个品种)
We don't have much room.(=空间) The hotel has twenty rooms.

所以一个词并非一辈子可数或不可数——要看你想表达什么。在咖啡馆里说 two coffees 完全没问题,因为那里指的就是 two cups of coffee

不可数用法中动词用单数

因为不可数名词是一个整体,它搭配单数动词,以及 this / that / it 这类单数形式的限定词或代词:

  • This information is useful. → ❌ These informations are useful.
  • The news was a shock. → ❌ The news were a shock.
  • Your advice was helpful — it really was.

常见错误

  • I need an advice. → ✅ I need some advice.(不可数:不用 a/an
  • She gave me two informations. → ✅ She gave me two pieces of information.
  • How many money do you have? → ✅ How much money do you have?(不可数用 much
  • I don't have much friends. → ✅ I don't have many friends.(可数用 many
  • The furnitures are new. → ✅ The furniture is new.(不可数,动词用单数)
  • I have a few money. → ✅ I have a little money.(不可数用 a little
  • The news are good. → ✅ The news is good.news 是不可数)
  • Can I have two bread? → ✅ Can I have two slices of bread?(数单位,不数整体)

快速测验

哪个选项正确?

  1. I'd like some ____ . (information / informations)
  2. How ____ time do we have? (much / many)
  3. There ____ a lot of traffic today. (is / are)
  4. She gave me a useful ____ of advice. (piece / slice)
  5. We don't have ____ chairs. (much / many)
  6. Can I have two ____ , please? (coffee / coffees)
显示答案
  1. information   2. much   3. is(traffic 不可数)   4. piece   5. many(chairs 可数)   6. coffees(=两杯)

要点回顾

  • 可数名词可以数、可以变复数(one book, two books),能用 a/an,复数时配复数动词。在不可数用法中,名词指的是一个整体(water, money, advice):没有复数、不用 a/an,动词用单数
  • 棘手的不可数名词包括 information, advice, news, money, furniture, luggage,还有那些以 -s 结尾却是单数的词:news ismathematics is
  • 不可数名词的数量通过单位来数:a piece of advicetwo glasses of water
  • Much / a little 配不可数名词,many / a few 配可数名词;a lot of 两者都行。
  • 许多名词要看具体含义,既可以可数,也可以不可数:coffee(饮料)对 two coffees(两杯)。