当你想谈论少量的数目或分量时,英语提供了四个小词:a few、few、a little 和 little。它们看起来几乎一样,但两个小小的选择会彻底改变含义。
第一个选择关乎名词:用 few 还是 little?第二个选择关乎那个小小的词 a:保留它还是去掉它,会把语气从积极转向消极。一旦看清这两个选择,整组词就各归其位了。
快捷口诀:few 和 a few 用于能数得清的事物(friends、eggs);little 和 a little 用于数不清的事物(time、water)。带 a 通常听起来积极,相当于 “some”;去掉 a 则听起来消极——few = not many,little = not much。
选择一:可数还是不可数?
首先看名词。有些名词能数(one book, two books),有些通常不可数(water、money、advice)。如果你还不熟悉这一区分,可以阅读可数名词与不可数名词这篇文章,里面有更详细的说明。
- few / a few 用于可数名词的复数:a few friends、few cars。
- little / a little 用于不可数名词,也就是通常没有复数的那些:a little time、little water。
有些名词可数还是不可数取决于含义:a little chicken = 一点鸡肉(作为食物),而 a few chickens = 几只鸡。
| 名词类型 | 数量词 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 可数(复数) | a few / few | a few eggs、few people |
| 不可数 | a little / little | a little milk、little money |
所以可以说 ✅ a few chairs,但不能说 ❌ a little chairs;可以说 ✅ a little sugar,但不能说 ❌ a few sugar。
中文没有冠词 a,可数/不可数的区分也不像英语这样决定用词,所以容易混淆 few 和 little,也容易漏掉 a——写出 ❌ little friends,而正确的说法是 ✅ few friends。
本文讲的是这些词作为数量词的用法——放在名词前表示数量。同样这些词还有别的身份:在 a little dog 里 little 指“小”,在 a little tired 里 a little 指“有点儿”。那些与数量无关。
选择二:小小的词 a
这是最让学习者意外的部分。保留还是去掉 a,含义随之改变:
- a few(可数)/ a little(不可数)= some——少量的数目或分量,通常以积极的口吻呈现。
- few(可数)= not many、hardly any;little(不可数)= not much、hardly any——而且通常听起来比你想要或需要的还少。
比较下面几组:
- I have a few friends here. → 有几个朋友;听起来积极。
- I have few friends here. → 几乎没有;听起来有点孤单。
- We have a little time. → 有一点时间。
- We have little time. → 几乎没有;得赶紧了。
a 通常让数量听起来积极或够用,而少了 a 则让它显得少得令人失望。✅ She speaks a little Italian(她能应付)和 ✅ She speaks little Italian(几乎不会)很不一样。
留意 only 和 just:only a few 和 only a little 仍保留 a,但把含义又推回“不够”——We have only a little time left.
两个选择合在一起
| 可数 | 不可数 | |
|---|---|---|
| 积极(some) | a few a few books | a little a little water |
| 消极(not many / not much) | few few books | little little water |
日常英语里的 few 和 little
单独使用时,few 和 little 会显得相当正式。日常对话中,人们往往改用 not many / not much。你也会听到 very few / very little——它们不是削弱语气,而是把“少”的意思强调得更重:
- Very few people came.(比单说 few people came 更口语)
- There's very little sugar left.
- Not many people came. · There isn't much sugar left.
相反,积极的 a few 和 a little 完全是日常说法:Can I have a little more?、I'll be ready in a few minutes.
关于数量词更大的家族——some、any、much、many 和 a lot of——参见 Some, any, much, many, a lot of。
常见错误
- ❌ I have a few money. → ✅ I have a little money.(money 不可数)
- ❌ There were a little cars. → ✅ There were a few cars.(cars 可数)
- Hurry — we have a little time! 是说你有一点时间——若想表达勉强够,就去掉 a:✅ Hurry — we have very little time left!
- Don't worry, I have few questions 跟在 don't worry 后面显得奇怪地消极;要表达安慰式的“只有几个”,说 ✅ I have only a few questions.
快速小测
哪个数量词最合适?
- Could I have ____ (a little / a few) water, please?
- She has ____ (a few / a little) close friends she really trusts.
- We'd better run — there's ____ (little / a little) time before the train leaves.
- Sadly, ____ (few / a few) people understood the problem.
显示答案
- a little(不可数:water) 2. a few(可数:friends;积极) 3. little(不可数;not much → 不带 a) 4. few(可数;not many → 不带 a)
要点回顾
- Few / a few 用于可数名词的复数;little / a little 用于不可数名词。
- a 听起来积极:a few / a little = some。
- 没有 a 听起来消极:few = not many,little = not much(而且通常比你想要的还少)。
- Few 和 little 单用时显得正式——口语里 not many / not much 更自然;very few / very little 会把“少”的意思强调得更重。