Thisthatthesethose 是用来指某样东西的词——让听话人准确知道你说的是哪个(或哪些)东西。选哪个词,取决于两点:离得多近,以及有几个。

简单说: this/these = 离说话人近,that/those = 离说话人远,this/that = 单数,these/those = 复数。

四个指示代词

一共只有这四个词,它们组成一张简单的表格——近或远,单数或复数:

单数(一个) this that
复数(不止一个) these those
  • This is my phone.(一个,离我近)
  • That is your phone.(一个,离得远)
  • These are my keys.(不止一个,离我近)
  • Those are your keys.(不止一个,离得远)

汉语的“这”和“那”本身不区分单复数——“这个苹果”和“这些苹果”要靠量词或“些”字来表示数量。英语则不同:单数用 this,一旦是复数就必须换成 these,这个变化是强制性的,不能省略。

近还是远

Thisthese 指离说话人近的东西——通常是伸手就能碰到的:

  • This coffee is hot.(就在你面前的这杯咖啡)
  • These shoes are new.(你正穿着的这双鞋)

Thatthose 指离说话人更远的东西——房间的另一头、外面,或者只是不在旁边。它甚至可能离你正在对话的人很近:

  • That building is really old.(那边那栋楼)
  • Those birds are loud.(树上那些鸟,不在说话人旁边)
  • Can you pass me that pen?(笔在听话人那边,不在说话人这边——所以还是用 that

“近”和“远”不只用于物理空间——this/thesethat/those 用在时间上也是一样的道理:this week 指当前这一周,而 that day 则回指前面提到过的某一天。

一个还是不止一个

Thisthat 搭配单数名词,或者搭配不可数名词——也就是不用加复数 -s 来数的东西,比如 watermusicThesethose 搭配复数名词:

  • This book is interesting.——绝不能说 ❌ This books is interesting.
  • These books are interesting.——绝不能说 ❌ These book is interesting.
  • This water is cold.(不可数,所以还是用 this,不是 these

搭配动词 be 时也是同样的规律:单数 this/thatis/was,复数 these/thoseare/were

  • This is my bag. / These are my bags.
  • That was a great film. / Those were great films.

搭配其他动词时,指示代词和名词照常保持一致:This looks good. These look good.

单独使用,或放在名词前面

指示代词有两种用法:单独作句子的主语或宾语,或者直接放在名词前面表明具体指哪个:

  • 单独使用: This is delicious. I'll take those.(不重复说出名词——从上下文已经很清楚了)
  • 放在名词前面: This cake is delicious. I'll take those apples.(直接点出名词)

两种用法都完全正常——用哪一种,取决于说的是什么东西是否已经清楚。

有一种特别常见的用法是 this/that + is,用来介绍某人或某物:This is Maria. This is my bag. That's my teacher, over there.

指代一个想法,而不只是一件东西

Thisthat 不只能指实物——它们也可以用来回指一整个想法、情况,或者刚刚有人说过的话:

  • She got the job! That's amazing news.
  • I forgot my umbrella. This is a problem.

像这样回指整个情况时,用单数 this/that。但如果指的是好几个不同的想法或要点,复数形式 these/those 也可以用:We need more time and more money — these are the main problems.

常见错误

  • This books are mine. → ✅ These books are mine.(复数名词要用 these,不是 this
  • Those car is expensive. → ✅ That car is expensive.(单数名词要用 that,不是 those
  • I like this shoes. → ✅ I like these shoes.shoes 是复数)
  • That were a good idea. → ✅ That was a good idea.(单数 that 要用 was,不是 were
  • These is my friend. → ✅ This is my friend.(一个朋友,单数)
  • This my phone. → ✅ This is my phone.(别忘了 is——像 This is my phone 这样)

小测验

哪个词合适——thisthatthese 还是 those

  1. ____ apple in my hand is sweet.(一个,离你近)
  2. ____ mountains over there are beautiful.(好几座,离得远)
  3. Can you pass me ____ pen?(一支,离听话人近,不是离你)
  4. ____ shoes I'm wearing are new.(脚上穿的这双鞋,英语用复数,离你近)
查看答案
  1. This   2. Those   3. that   4. These

要点回顾

  • This(离说话人近,单数)、that(离得远,单数)、these(离说话人近,复数)、those(离得远,复数)。
  • This/that 也可以搭配不可数名词(this water);these/those 只能搭配复数名词。
  • 搭配 be 时动词也要一致:单数 this/that + is/was;复数 these/those + are/were
  • 指示代词可以单独使用(I'll take these),也可以放在名词前面(I'll take these apples)。
  • Thisthat 也用来回指一整个想法;只有涉及好几个不同的想法时才用 these/those