一般疑问句只问某件事是否属实:Do you like coffee?——YesNo。但大多数时候,你想知道的不只是是否属实,而是什么哪里什么时候。这正是疑问词的作用——一小组放在问句开头、专门用来问出你需要的具体信息的词。

简单说: 在大多数特殊疑问句里,疑问词放在句子开头,句子其余部分保持正常的疑问句语序。当 whowhat 是主语时,语序会稍有不同——见下文。

六个主要疑问词

询问 例子
what 事物或动作 What is this? — It's a key.
where 地点 Where do you live? — In Berlin.
who Who is that? — My brother.
when 时间 When is your birthday? — In May.
why 原因 Why are you tired? — Because I didn't sleep.
how 做某事的方式 How do you make tea? — With hot water and a tea bag.

疑问词依然需要正常的疑问句语序

在大多数问句里,疑问词并不会改变你已经学过的问句构成规则——只是要把疑问词放到句首(whowhat 作主语的问句是唯一的例外,见下文)。对比一下:

  • You are at home.Where are you?(依然是 be + 主语)
  • You live in Berlin.Where do you live?(依然是 do + 主语 + 动词原形)
  • She can swim in the pool.Where can she swim?

中文问句中,疑问词通常留在它所替代的成分原来的位置上,比如“你住在哪里?”——“哪里”就在“住在”后面,和陈述句“你住在北京”的语序完全一样。英语却要求把疑问词移到句子最前面Where do you live?,在普通的信息问句里,不能按中文语序直接说 You live where?。忘记把疑问词提到句首,是中文母语者很常见的错误。

如果你还没学过这些问句结构,可以参考 The verb "to be" 了解用 am/is/are 构成的问句,以及 Present simple: questions & negatives 了解用 do/does 构成的问句。

询问主语:who 和 what 的特殊情况

通常你要问的那个人是问句的宾语,所以需要 do/doesWho do you see?(=你看见了某人)。但当 whowhat 本身就是主语——也就是执行动作的人或物——普通、中性的问句会完全省略 do/does

  • Who called you?——有人给你打了电话;who 问的正是这个人。
  • What happened?

这个具体的规律——以及它为什么这样运作——在 Present simple: questions & negatives 中有完整解释。

What:事物和动作

what 是最灵活的疑问词——可以问物品、想法,也可以问活动:

  • What is your name?
  • What do you do? — I'm a teacher.(问职业)
  • What are you doing?(问正在做的事)

What's your name?,绝不说 ❌ How is your name?——这是很常见的错误,因为有些语言在这里用的是对应 how 的词。

Who:人

who 询问人。它既可以问句子的主语,也可以问宾语——句子结构会怎么变化,参见上面的特殊情况:

  • Who is that woman?
  • Who do you live with?

Where 和 when:地点和时间

where 询问地点;when 询问时间:

  • Where is the station?
  • When does the film start?

刚开始学时很容易混淆——两个都对,只是问的内容不同:

  • Where is the meeting? 问的是地点
  • When is the meeting? 问的是时间

Why:原因

why 询问原因。常见的回答以 because 开头,但更简短的回答也可以:

  • Why are you late? — Because the bus didn't come.
  • Why doesn't she like coffee? — Because it's too bitter.
  • Why are you here? — For work.

How:方式——以及更多用法

单独使用时,how 询问做某事的方式,或者某样东西怎么样:

  • How do you get to work? — By train.
  • How are you? — I'm fine, thanks.

how 也可以和 old、far、long 这样的词搭配,或者和 much/many 搭配,用来询问年龄、距离、持续时间、价格或数量——这是这个阶段最实用的搭配之一:

搭配 询问 例子
how old 年龄 How old are you?
how much 价格,或不可数的数量 How much is this?
how many 可数的数量 How many people are coming?
how far 距离 How far is the airport?
how long 持续时间 How long is the flight?

常见错误

  • How is your name? → ✅ What is your name?(问名字用 what,不用 how
  • What means this word? → ✅ What does this word mean?this word 是主语,what 问的是意思——所以仍然需要 does + 主语 + 动词原形,就像其他任何问宾语的问句一样)
  • Where you are from? → ✅ Where are you from?(主语和动词仍然要互换位置,只是要放在疑问词后面)
  • Who did call you? → ✅ Who called you?(在普通、中性的问句里,作主语的 who/what 省略 did/do/does
  • Why you are sad? → ✅ Why are you sad?

小测验

选出正确的疑问词:

  1. ____ is your birthday? — In April.
  2. ____ is that man over there? — My uncle.
  3. ____ do you live? — In Rome.
  4. ____ are you crying? — Because I'm happy!
  5. ____ old is your dog?
查看答案
  1. When   2. Who   3. Where   4. Why   5. How

要点回顾

  • what、where、who、when、why、how 放在问句开头,用来询问具体的信息。
  • 问句其余部分保持正常语序:be + 主语,或者 do/does + 主语 + 动词原形。
  • whowhat 是问句的主语时,省略 do/doesWho called you?
  • how 可以和 old、far、long 以及 much/many 搭配,用来询问年龄、价格、距离等:how oldhow muchhow far
  • What's your name?,绝不说 ❌ How is your name?