被动语态的构成方式始终一样：be 的某种形式 + 过去分词。一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态（is made、was built）是大多数学习者最先接触到的两种形式——但同样的规律也适用于大多数其他时态，以及情态动词。一旦你熟悉了 be + 过去分词这个核心结构，剩下的其实只是根据你已经掌握的时态，换成相应形式的 be。

速记公式： 时态或情态动词只改变 be 部分——过去分词永远不变。进行时加上 being：is being built. 完成时加上 been：has been built. 简单的情态动词被动式用原形 be：must be built. 情态动词完成式的被动形式用 have been：could have been broken.

全景总览

同一个基本意思——有人建造／正在建造／已经建造／将要建造这座房子——放到各主要时态的被动语态中，可以这样表达：

时态 主动 被动
一般现在时 They build houses here. Houses are built here.
现在进行时 They are building a house. A house is being built.
现在完成时 They have built the house. The house has been built.
一般过去时 They built the house. The house was built.
过去进行时 They were building the house. The house was being built.
过去完成时 They had built the house before we arrived. The house had been built before we arrived.
将来时（will） They will build a house. A house will be built.
将来完成时 They will have built the house by June. The house will have been built by June.
going to They are going to build a house. A house is going to be built.
情态动词 They must build it safely. It must be built safely.

一般现在时和一般过去时已经在被动语态：一般现在时与一般过去时中详细讲过——本文集中讲表格里其余的部分。（有几种被动形式——比如完成进行时的 has been being repaired，或将来进行时的 will be being repaired——理论上是存在的，但听起来非常别扭，实际使用中说话人几乎总会换一种说法。本文有意不涉及这些形式。）

进行时：现在与过去

现在进行时的被动语态： am / is / are + being + 过去分词。用于描述此刻或当前这段时间正在进行的动作，重点放在动作的承受者身上。

  • The road is being repaired this week.
  • Our order is being prepared.
  • These issues are being investigated.

过去进行时的被动语态： was / were + being + 过去分词。用于描述过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。

  • The house was being painted when the storm hit.
  • New rules were being discussed at the time.

汉语的被动句本身并不严格区分“正在进行的动作”和“一般事实”——“这座房子正在被建造”和“这里的房子都是这样建造的”要靠上下文和时间词来区分，而不是靠动词形式本身。英语里正是 being 这个词标记出动作正在进行：is being built（此刻正在进行）区别于 is built（一般事实或惯常做法）。

✅ is being built（现在进行时被动）和 ✅ is built（一般现在时被动）是两个意思不同的句子——being 表示动作现在或在当前这段临时期间正在进行，而不是一般事实或反复发生的常规动作：❌ This bridge is being built every year 讲不通，因为 “every year” 需要一般现在时形式：✅ This bridge is inspected every year.

完成时：现在与过去

现在完成时的被动语态： have / has + been + 过去分词。用于描述已完成、对现在有结果或有意义的动作，和主动语态的现在完成时用法一致。

  • The report has been finished.
  • All the documents have been signed.
  • Has the package been delivered yet?

过去完成时的被动语态： had + been + 过去分词。用于描述在过去另一个时间点之前就已完成的动作。

  • The guests had already been seated when the band arrived.
  • The building had been demolished before anyone could stop it.

注意这个规律：have/has/had/will have + been + 过去分词。完成时的助动词（have、has、had）搭配的是 be 的过去分词，也就是 been——而 been 后面再接实义动词的过去分词（built、signed、delivered）。

将来时：will、将来完成时和 going to

一般将来时的被动语态： will + be + 过去分词。

  • The results will be announced tomorrow.
  • A decision will be made by Friday.

将来完成时的被动语态： will have + been + 过去分词——用于将来某个具体时间点之前就会完成的动作。

  • The renovation will have been finished by the time you visit.
  • All the seats will have been sold before doors open.

"Going to" 的被动语态： am / is / are going to + be + 过去分词——用于计划好的或可预见的将来动作，是用 going to 表达将来的被动版本。

  • The old cinema is going to be demolished next year.
  • New safety rules are going to be introduced.

情态动词的被动语态

can、could、must、should、may、might、will、would 这些情态动词构成被动语态的方式和主动语态一样——情态动词依然放在最前面，只是后面跟的不是动词原形，而是 be + 过去分词：

主动 被动
You must submit the form by Friday. The form must be submitted by Friday.
Someone can see the mountains from here. The mountains can be seen from here.
They should fix the bug soon. The bug should be fixed soon.
We might change the schedule. The schedule might be changed.

要谈论过去的可能性或义务，用 情态动词 + have been + 过去分词：

  • The window could have been broken by the wind.（对过去情况的一种可能解释；如果要表达对现在情况的推测，可参见表推测的情态动词）
  • The report should have been finished yesterday.（本该完成却没完成的义务）
  • The mistake must have been noticed by someone.

✅ must be checked（现在／将来的义务）和 ✅ must have been checked（对过去的推测）意思完全不同——把两者搞混会彻底改变句意：❌ The parcel must have been delivered tomorrow 把描述过去的推测形式和表示将来的时间词混在一起，这种组合是不成立的。

常见错误

  • ❌ Houses are build here. → ✅ Houses are built here.（要用过去分词，不是动词原形）
  • ❌ The road is repairing this week. → ✅ The road is being repaired this week.（进行时的被动语态需要 being，不能只用 -ing）
  • ❌ The documents have signed already. → ✅ The documents have been signed already.（现在完成时被动语态需要 been，不能只有过去分词）
  • ❌ It must been fixed by tomorrow. → ✅ It must be fixed by tomorrow.（表示现在／将来的义务时，情态动词后面用 be，不用 been）
  • ❌ The window must be broken by the wind last night. → ✅ The window must have been broken by the wind last night.（对过去的推测需要 have been，不能只用 be）
  • ❌ The results will announced tomorrow. → ✅ The results will be announced tomorrow.（will 后面的被动语态仍然需要 be——单独一个 will 不能构成完整的被动动词短语）

快速检测

选择正确的被动语态形式：

  1. Right now, the kitchen ____ (renovate). （现在进行时被动语态）
  2. By 6 p.m., all the food ____ (eat). （将来完成时被动语态）
  3. When the new road ____ (add), the bridge ____ (already / build). （一般过去时 + 过去完成时被动语态）
  4. The results ____ (should / announce) by Friday.
  5. That noise we can hear right now ____ (must / cause) by the wind — it's really strong tonight.
查看答案
  1. The kitchen is being renovated.
  2. By 6 p.m., all the food will have been eaten.
  3. When the new road was added, the bridge had already been built.
  4. The results should be announced by Friday.
  5. That noise we can hear right now must be caused by the wind——这是对眼下正在发生的事情的原因作出推测，所以用 must be，而不是 must have been（那样会指过去发生的事）。

关键要点

  • 每一种被动形式都建立在 be + 过去分词之上——时态或情态动词只改变 be 这部分。
  • 进行时被动加上 being：is being built、was being built。
  • 完成时被动加上 been：has been built、had been built、will have been built。
  • 将来时被动用 will 或 going to：will be built、is going to be built。
  • 情态动词后面接 be + 过去分词表示现在／将来的意思（must be fixed），接 have been + 过去分词表示过去的意思（must have been fixed）。
  • 过去分词本身永远不变——变化的只是前面的助动词或情态动词结构。