A relative clause adds information about a noun: the man who lives next door, the book that I lent you. In German the linking word — the relative pronoun — looks almost exactly like the definite article (der, die, das), and it does two jobs at once. Its gender and number come from the noun it points back to; its case comes from the job it does inside the relative clause. On top of that, a relative clause is a subordinate clause, so the conjugated verb moves to the end, and a comma always sets it off from the main clause — with a second comma closing it only when the sentence carries on afterwards.
Quick shortcut: pick the gender/number from the noun outside, then ask "what is this pronoun doing in its own clause?" — subject → nominative, direct object → accusative, dative verb → dative; and after a preposition, whatever case that preposition governs.
The relative pronouns
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | der | die | das | die |
| Acc. | den | die | das | die |
| Dat. | dem | der | dem | denen |
These are identical to the definite article (der, die, das) with one form to learn separately: the dative plural is denen, not den. (The genitive relative pronouns dessen and deren are a separate step and aren't covered here.)
Gender from the noun, case from the clause
Here is der Mann (masculine, singular) as the antecedent three times. The noun never changes — but the pronoun's case does, because its role in the relative clause changes:
- Der Mann, der dort steht, ist mein Chef. (The man who is standing there is my boss.) — der is the subject of steht → nominative
- Der Mann, den ich gestern gesehen habe, ist mein Chef. (…whom I saw yesterday…) — den is the direct object of gesehen habe → accusative
- Der Mann, dem ich geholfen habe, ist mein Chef. (…whom I helped…) — dem is the dative object of helfen → dative
Feminine and neuter nouns work the same way. Note that for feminine and neuter, nominative and accusative look the same:
- Die Frau, die neben mir wohnt (nom.) — Die Frau, die ich kenne (acc.) — Die Frau, der ich vertraue (dat., vertrauen takes the dative)
- Das Kind, das dort spielt (nom.) — Das Kind, das ich abhole (acc.) — Das Kind, dem ich helfe (dat.)
Plurals use die for nominative and accusative, and denen for the dative:
- die Leute, die hier arbeiten (nom.) — die Leute, die ich eingeladen habe (acc.) — die Leute, denen ich geschrieben habe (dat.)
In every one of these, the verb sits at the very end of the relative clause. A comma always opens the relative clause; a second comma closes it only when the main clause continues afterwards: Der Zug*,** der nach Berlin fährt**,** ist schon weg*, but Ich kenne den Mann*,** der nach Berlin fährt.*
Prepositions come first
If the relative pronoun belongs with a preposition, the preposition moves to the front of the clause with it — German never leaves it stranded at the end the way English does:
- ✅ Das ist die Firma, für die ich arbeite. (That's the company I work for.) — never ❌ …die ich für arbeite
- der Stuhl, auf dem du sitzt (the chair you're sitting on)
- die Kollegen, mit denen ich das Projekt mache (the colleagues I'm doing the project with)
The preposition decides the case: mit takes the dative (mit dem / der / denen), für takes the accusative (für den / die / das), and a two-way preposition like auf takes the dative when it means a location (auf dem).
was and wo
Sometimes the relative word is was or wo instead of der/die/das:
- was after the pronoun das (meaning "that thing"), and after etwas, nichts, alles, vieles, weniges and a nominalised neuter superlative: Alles, was ich weiß, steht hier. / Es gibt nichts, was mich stört. / Das ist das Beste, was mir passieren konnte. A specific neuter noun still takes das: ✅ das Buch, das ich lese, never ❌ das Buch, was ich lese.
- was pointing back to a whole clause: Er hat die Prüfung bestanden, was mich sehr freut. (…which makes me very happy.)
- wo for places: die Stadt, wo ich geboren bin. This is common in everyday German, but the prepositional form in / an + dem/der keeps the exact spatial relation and is preferred in careful and written German: die Stadt, in der ich geboren bin; der Ort, an dem wir uns treffen.
Common mistakes
- ❌ Der Mann, der ich gestern getroffen habe → ✅ Der Mann, den ich gestern getroffen habe (direct object → accusative)
- ❌ Die Frau, die ich helfe → ✅ Die Frau, der ich helfe (helfen takes the dative → dative verbs)
- ❌ die Freunde, mit die ich reise → ✅ die Freunde, mit denen ich reise (dative plural after mit → denen)
- ❌ Das ist der Film, den ich gesehen habe ihn → ✅ Das ist der Film, den ich gesehen habe (no extra pronoun — the relative pronoun already is the object)
- ❌ Das Buch, das liegt auf dem Tisch, ist meins → ✅ Das Buch, das auf dem Tisch liegt, ist meins (verb goes to the end)
- ❌ Der Zug der nach Berlin fährt ist weg → ✅ Der Zug*,** der nach Berlin fährt**,** ist weg* (comma before the clause always; a second one here because the main clause continues with ist weg)
Quick check
Fill in the correct relative pronoun.
- Das ist die Lehrerin, ___ uns Deutsch unterrichtet.
- Wo ist das Fahrrad, ___ du gekauft hast?
- Der Nachbar, ___ ich oft helfe, ist schon alt.
- Das sind die Kollegen, mit ___ ich jeden Tag arbeite.
- Der Kuchen, ___ meine Oma gebacken hat, ist schon weg.
Show answers
- die (feminine, nominative — subject of unterrichtet)
- das (neuter, accusative — object of gekauft hast)
- dem (masculine, dative — helfen takes the dative)
- denen (dative plural after mit)
- den (masculine, accusative — object of gebacken hat)
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Key takeaways
- The relative pronoun matches its noun in gender and number, but takes its case from its role inside the relative clause: subject → nominative, direct object → accusative, dative verb → dative; after a preposition, the case that preposition governs.
- The forms are the definite article (der, die, das, den, dem, die) — the one to memorise separately is the dative plural denen.
- A relative clause is a subordinate clause: conjugated verb at the end, and a comma before it — plus a closing comma when the main clause continues afterwards.
- A preposition stays with the pronoun and comes first: die Firma, für die ich arbeite — never stranded at the end.
- Use was after das / etwas / nichts / alles and to refer back to a whole clause; use wo for places.