Il y a un chien, une table et des livres.There is a dog, a table and some books.
French has three indefinite articles: un for a masculine noun, une for a feminine noun, and des for the plural. They point to something not yet specified — "a dog", "some books" — as opposed to a particular one already known.
Quick shortcut: un (m), une (f), des (plural). des is the plural of un and une.
un, une, des
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| masculine | un livre | des livres |
| feminine | une table | des tables |
un and une match the noun's gender; des is the same for both. Before a vowel the article doesn't change in writing (un ami, une amie, des amis) — only the sound links across (see below).
When to use the indefinite article
Use un / une / des for something introduced for the first time, or that isn't a specific known item:
- J'ai un frère.
- Il y a une pharmacie près d'ici.
- Des touristes visitent le musée.
Once the thing is known or pointed to, French switches to the definite article le / la / les ("the"): Je vois un chien. Le chien est noir.
des where English says nothing
For an actual but unspecified quantity, English often drops "some" and uses a bare plural — "I eat apples", "there are books on the table". French keeps des:
- ✅ Je mange des pommes. — never ❌ Je mange pommes.
- ✅ Il y a des livres sur la table. — never ❌ Il y a livres…
This is not the same as a general statement about a whole class ("I like apples", meaning apples in general). There French uses the definite article: J'aime les pommes — a use covered with le / la / les.
Saying it: un, une, des
- un is nasal, /œ̃/ — no n sound on its own, but it links before a vowel: un‿ami /œ̃n‿ami/
- une is /yn/, the n always pronounced
- des is /de/; before a vowel it links with a /z/: des‿amis, des‿écoles
un / une also means "one"
The same words are the number 1:
- un café, s'il vous plaît (one coffee)
- J'ai une sœur (one sister / a sister — context decides)
After a negative: de
After a plain negative, un / une / des normally becomes de (or d' before a vowel):
- J'ai un vélo. → Je n'ai pas de vélo.
- Il y a des places. → Il n'y a pas de places.
The indefinite article stays unchanged after être — un / une and also des (Ce n'est pas un problème, Ce ne sont pas des mensonges) — and when it's being contrasted (Je n'ai pas un frère, j'en ai deux). The same shift to de also happens after expressions of quantity (beaucoup de livres), which is a separate topic.
Common mistakes
- ❌ Je mange pommes. → ✅ Je mange des pommes. (French keeps the plural article)
- ❌ un amie → ✅ une amie (the article follows the noun's gender, not the vowel)
- ❌ Il est un professeur. → ✅ Il est professeur. (no article with a plain job after être — see the verb être)
- ❌ Je n'ai pas des enfants. → ✅ *Je n'ai **pas d'*enfants.
- ❌ des pronounced like English "dess" → ✅ /de/, and des‿amis with a /z/
Quick check
Choose un, une or des.
- ____ chien (m)
- ____ maison (f)
- ____ étudiants
- Je voudrais ____ café.
- Negative: J'ai des amis ici. → Je n'ai ____ amis ici.
Show answers
- un chien 2. une maison 3. des étudiants 4. un café 5. *Je n'ai **pas d'*amis ici.
Learn faster with GrammarMama
This article covers one topic — here's how GrammarMama helps you turn it into lasting progress:
-
Know your level — A quick placement test finds your CEFR level, so every exercise fits you. Find your level →
-
Follow a clear path — Practise every topic in the right order, from A1 all the way to C2. See the full path →
-
Set your own goal — Tell us what you're learning for, and exercises follow your interests. Set a goal →
-
Track your mistakes — See the patterns behind what trips you up, and fix them for good. Review your mistakes →
-
Build your vocabulary — Words from your exercises are saved and reviewed with spaced repetition. Open your vocabulary →
-
Practise speaking — Answer exercises out loud instead of typing, whenever you like. Try speech practice →
-
Train your pronunciation — Get instant, word-by-word feedback on how you sound. Train your pronunciation →
-
Practise a little every day — Short daily exercises, matched to your level, keep the language fresh. Start practising →
Key takeaways
- The indefinite articles are un (m), une (f) and des (plural for both).
- un / une show the noun's gender; des doesn't.
- Use them for something non-specific or new; switch to le / la / les once it's known.
- For an unspecified quantity, French uses des where English drops "some" (Je mange des pommes) — but a generic statement takes les (J'aime les pommes).
- un / une are also the number one.
- After a plain negative, un / une / des → de: Je n'ai pas de vélo.