Elle est arrivée à huit heures.She arrived at eight.
Most verbs build their passé composé with avoir, but a limited group of verbs — including some verbs of movement or change of state, plus all pronominal verbs — use être instead. With être, there's one extra rule: the past participle agrees with the subject, like an adjective.
Quick shortcut: être (present) + past participle, and the participle takes an extra -e for feminine, -s for plural: il est arrivé, elle est arrivée, ils sont arrivés, elles sont arrivées.
The être verbs
This group is small and worth learning as a set. A traditional way to remember it is the acronym DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP, one verb per letter:
| Verb | Meaning | Verb | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Devenir | to become | Venir | to come |
| Revenir | to come back | Aller | to go |
| Monter | to go up | Naître | to be born |
| Rester | to stay | Descendre | to go down |
| Sortir | to go out | Entrer | to enter |
| Retourner | to return | ||
| Tomber | to fall | ||
| Rentrer | to go home | ||
| Arriver | to arrive | ||
| Mourir | to die | ||
| Partir | to leave |
Don't treat this as "movement verbs take être" — many verbs of movement (marcher to walk, courir to run, voyager to travel, nager to swim) still take avoir. The être group is a fixed, limited list to memorise, not a meaning-based rule — but it's the list of their intransitive use (no direct object). A few of these verbs — monter, descendre, sortir, rentrer, retourner — switch to avoir when they take a direct object, with a slightly different meaning:
- Elle est sortie. (she went out) — Elle a sorti le chien. (she took the dog out)
- Il est descendu. (he went down) — Il a descendu les valises. (he brought the suitcases down)
Conjugating with être
Take être in the present tense, then add the past participle, agreeing with the subject:
| Subject | être | + participle (aller) |
|---|---|---|
| je | suis | allé(e) |
| tu | es | allé(e) |
| il / on | est | allé |
| elle | est | allée |
| nous | sommes | allé(e)s |
| vous | êtes | allé(e)(s) |
| ils | sont | allés |
| elles | sont | allées |
- Il est parti tôt. Elle est partie tôt.
- Ils sont rentrés tard. Elles sont rentrées tard.
The agreement rule
With être, the past participle behaves like an adjective and matches the subject's gender and number:
- Feminine: add -e — allé → allée
- Plural: add -s — allé → allés
- Feminine plural: add -es — allé → allées
This is the opposite of the passé composé with avoir, where — with a normal subject — the participle never changes at all. Compare:
- avoir: Elle a mangé. (no change) — être: Elle est allée. (-e added)
Pronominal verbs also use être
Every pronominal verb (se lever, se laver, s'appeler…) uses être in the passé composé too, whatever it means — this applies to the whole group, not just the ones with a literal reflexive meaning:
- Je me suis levé(e) à sept heures.
- Elle s'est réveillée tôt.
- Ils se sont dépêchés.
- Nous nous sommes couché(e)s tard.
The pronominal pronoun still comes right before the conjugated être, exactly where it sits before any other verb form.
Most of the time the participle simply agrees with the subject, as above. Agreement doesn't happen when the reflexive pronoun is an indirect object rather than a direct one — as in Elle s'est lavé les mains (she washed her hands): les mains is the direct object here, so the participle stays lavé, not lavée. That's a detail for a later, more advanced article; at this level, agreeing with the subject is the rule to apply.
The negative
ne... pas wraps around être (and the pronominal pronoun, if there is one):
- Elle n'est pas venue.
- Nous ne sommes pas allé(e)s au cinéma.
- Il ne s'est pas levé à temps.
Common mistakes
- ❌ Elle a allée au marché. → ✅ Elle est allée au marché. (aller takes être, not avoir)
- ❌ Elle est allé au marché. → ✅ Elle est allée au marché. (feminine subject needs the extra -e)
- ❌ Ils sont arrivé. → ✅ Ils sont arrivés. (plural subject needs the extra -s)
- ❌ Elle a se levée. → ✅ Elle s'est levée. (pronominal verbs use être, not avoir)
- ❌ Nous sommes courus toute la journée. → ✅ Nous avons couru toute la journée. (courir is a movement verb, but it isn't on the être list)
Quick check
Complete with the passé composé, making the participle agree where needed:
- (arriver) Elle ____ ____ en retard.
- (partir) Ils ____ ____ hier soir.
- (se lever) Nous ____ ____ tôt. (nous = a group of women)
- (rester) Vous ____ ____ à la maison ? (vous = one man)
- (tomber) Les enfants ____ ____ dans le jardin.
Show answers
- elle est arrivée 2. ils sont partis 3. nous nous sommes levées 4. vous êtes resté 5. les enfants sont tombés
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Key takeaways
- A limited group of verbs — including some verbs of movement or change of state — plus all pronominal verbs, use être instead of avoir in the passé composé.
- With être, the past participle agrees with the subject: -e feminine, -s plural, -es feminine plural.
- This is the opposite of avoir, where the participle normally doesn't change for the subject.
- Pronominal verbs always take être, whatever their meaning, with the pronoun still right before the conjugated verb.
- Negative: ne... pas wraps around être (and the pronominal pronoun, if there is one).