German has three ways to glue clauses together, and this article is about the third one. You already join clauses with coordinating conjunctions (und, aber, denn — covered here) and with subordinating conjunctions that send the verb to the end (weil, dass, obwohl). Conjunctional adverbs — deshalb, trotzdem, also, außerdem — are the middle case: they carry a linking meaning like a conjunction, but grammatically they are ordinary adverbs.
The practical consequence: a conjunctional adverb usually takes first position, and when anything stands there, German's verb-second rule puts the finite verb second with the subject after it. Es regnet, deshalb bleibe ich zu Hause.
Quick shortcut: a conjunctional adverb fills the first slot of its clause → verb second, then subject (…, deshalb kommt er später). It is not a subordinating conjunction: when it links two main clauses, the verb stays second, not final. And also means "therefore / so", never English "also" (that's auch).
Reason and consequence: deshalb, deswegen, darum, daher
These four are near-synonyms for "that's why / therefore". They point back to a cause and introduce its result:
- Der Zug hatte Verspätung, deshalb kam ich zu spät.
- Sie ist krank, deswegen bleibt sie im Bett.
- Ich hatte keine Zeit, darum habe ich nicht angerufen.
- Das Wetter war schlecht, daher sind wir nicht gefahren.
also, somit and folglich are close in meaning ("so", "thus", "consequently"), with folglich sounding more formal:
- Du warst nicht da, also haben wir ohne dich angefangen.
Watch the verb: ✅ …, deshalb bleibe ich, never ❌ …, deshalb ich bleibe.
Concession: trotzdem, dennoch
trotzdem and dennoch mean "even so / nevertheless" — the result runs against what the first clause leads you to expect:
- Es war spät, trotzdem arbeiteten wir weiter.
- Sie hatte kaum gelernt, dennoch hat sie bestanden.
dennoch leans a little more formal and shows up more in writing; trotzdem is the everyday choice in speech.
trotzdem is the adverb learners most often confuse with the subordinating conjunction obwohl. Same idea, different grammar — see obwohl vs trotzdem: obwohl sends the verb to the end (Obwohl es spät war, …), trotzdem keeps it second (…, trotzdem arbeiteten wir).
More everyday connectors
| adverb | meaning | example |
|---|---|---|
| außerdem, zudem | besides, on top of that | Es ist teuer, außerdem ist es weit weg. |
| sonst, andernfalls | otherwise, or else | Beeil dich, sonst verpassen wir den Zug. |
| jedoch, allerdings | however, though | Ich wollte kommen, jedoch hatte ich keine Zeit. |
| dann | then, in that case | Ruf mich an, dann hole ich dich ab. |
jedoch and allerdings can also sit further inside the clause: Ich hatte allerdings keine Zeit.
Three ways to join two clauses
"It's raining, so I'm staying home" — three grammatical builds, one message:
| type | word | word order | example |
|---|---|---|---|
| coordinating conj. | denn | slot 0, doesn't count — normal order after it | Ich bleibe zu Hause, denn es regnet. |
| subordinating conj. | weil | finite verb to the end | Ich bleibe zu Hause, weil es regnet. |
| conjunctional adverb | deshalb | slot 1 → finite verb second | Es regnet, deshalb bleibe ich zu Hause. |
Of the three, only the conjunctional adverb is a normal part of the clause that can stand in first position — and whenever anything stands there, German's verb-second rule puts the finite verb before the subject (Morgen komme ich, Deshalb komme ich). That's why deshalb gives you the inversion, while denn (outside the clause) and weil (verb to the end) don't. That swap is the heart of this topic.
Where the adverb sits
First position is the usual spot, but a conjunctional adverb can also move into the middle field, after the verb and subject:
- Es war spät. Trotzdem arbeiteten wir weiter.
- Es war spät. Wir arbeiteten trotzdem weiter.
Both are natural; fronting it gives the link a bit more weight. What you can't do is leave the verb in third position: ❌ …, trotzdem wir arbeiteten weiter.
Two main clauses joined this way are separated by a comma or a full stop — either works: Es regnet, deshalb bleibe ich zu Hause. / Es regnet. Deshalb bleibe ich zu Hause.
Common mistakes
- ❌ Es regnet, deshalb ich bleibe zu Hause. → ✅ …, deshalb bleibe ich zu Hause. (adverb in slot 1 → verb second)
- ❌ Es war spät, trotzdem wir arbeiteten weiter. → ✅ …, trotzdem arbeiteten wir weiter. (trotzdem is not obwohl — no verb-last)
- ❌ Ich war müde. Also ich bin früh ins Bett gegangen. → ✅ Also bin ich früh ins Bett gegangen.
- ❌ Es ist billig und also ich kaufe es. → ✅ Es ist billig, also kaufe ich es. (and for additive "also": Ich kaufe es auch.)
- ❌ Beeil dich, sonst wir verpassen den Zug. → ✅ …, sonst verpassen wir den Zug.
Quick check
Join the two ideas with the adverb in brackets, and fix the word order.
- Ich habe keinen Hunger. (deshalb) Ich esse nichts.
- Das Hotel war teuer. (trotzdem) Es war schön.
- Nimm einen Schirm mit. (sonst) Du wirst nass.
- Er hat nicht gelernt. (dennoch) Er hat die Prüfung bestanden.
- Du hast recht. (also) Wir machen es so.
Show answers
- Ich habe keinen Hunger, deshalb esse ich nichts.
- Das Hotel war teuer, trotzdem war es schön.
- Nimm einen Schirm mit, sonst wirst du nass.
- Er hat nicht gelernt, dennoch hat er die Prüfung bestanden.
- Du hast recht, also machen wir es so.
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Key takeaways
- Conjunctional adverbs (deshalb, deswegen, darum, daher, trotzdem, dennoch, also, außerdem, sonst, jedoch) link two main clauses.
- In first position they follow the verb-second rule: adverb, then finite verb, then subject — …, deshalb komme ich mit.
- Linking two main clauses, they keep the verb second — they don't send it to the end the way the subordinating conjunction obwohl does. trotzdem ≠ obwohl.
- They can also stand in the middle field: Wir arbeiteten trotzdem weiter.
- also is a false friend — it means "therefore / so". English "also" is auch.
- Reason: deshalb / deswegen / darum / daher. Concession: trotzdem / dennoch. Contrast: jedoch / allerdings. Addition: außerdem. Alternative: sonst.