Mam brata. Jem śniadanie. Nie wiem. Chcę kawę.I have a brother. I am having breakfast. I don't know. I want a coffee.
Most Polish verbs follow one of the three big patterns in the lessons on -am, -asz verbs, -ę, -esz verbs and -ę, -isz / -ysz verbs. Four of the most useful verbs are best learned one by one, because their forms do not follow from the infinitive: mieć (to have), jeść (to eat), wiedzieć (to know a fact) and chcieć (to want).
Quick shortcut: mam, masz, ma (have), jem, jesz, je (eat), wiem, wiesz, wie (know), chcę, chcesz, chce (want). The 3rd person plural is mają, jedzą, wiedzą, chcą.
In English have has two forms (I have, she has) and the pronoun is required. In Polish each person has its own ending, so Mam is already "I have", and the 1st person of the other three verbs is just as short: Jem., Wiem., Chcę.
mieć – to have
Mieć has the same endings as czytać (czytam, czytasz, czyta), but the stem is only m-, and the infinitive mieć does not show it:
| Person | Pronoun | Form (mieć) |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | ja | mam (I have) |
| 2nd singular | ty | masz (you have) |
| 3rd singular | on / ona / ono | ma (he / she / it has) |
| 1st plural | my | mamy (we have) |
| 2nd plural | wy | macie (you have) |
| 3rd plural | oni / one | mają (they have) |
Mieć says what a person has, owns or is related to:
- Mam brata i siostrę. (I have a brother and a sister.)
- Anna ma psa. (Anna has a dog.)
- Mamy czas. (We have time.)
- Mają nowy dom. (They have a new house.)
It also appears in some fixed expressions:
- Mam na imię Anna. (My name is Anna. Literally "I have Anna as a name".)
- Mam 20 lat. (I am 20 years old. Literally "I have 20 years".)
- Ile masz lat? (How old are you?)
Numbers are covered in Cardinal numbers 1–20; the word for "years" changes with the number, so it helps to learn the whole phrase for now.
In a negative sentence the object after mieć takes another form, the genitive: Mam czas. but Nie mam czasu., and Mam siostrę. but Nie mam siostry. More about this is in The genitive case: absence with "nie ma".
jeść – to eat
All forms of jeść except the 3rd person plural use the stem je-, with the endings -m, -sz, no ending, -my, -cie. The 3rd person plural has a different stem, jedz-:
| Person | Pronoun | Form (jeść) |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | ja | jem (I eat) |
| 2nd singular | ty | jesz (you eat) |
| 3rd singular | on / ona / ono | je (he / she / it eats) |
| 1st plural | my | jemy (we eat) |
| 2nd plural | wy | jecie (you eat) |
| 3rd plural | oni / one | jedzą (they eat) |
- Jem śniadanie o ósmej. (I have breakfast at eight.)
- Co jesz? (What are you eating?)
- Dzieci jedzą obiad. (The children are having lunch.)
wiedzieć – to know (a fact)
Wiedzieć works like jeść: the endings -m, -sz, no ending, -my, -cie go on the stem wie-, and the 3rd person plural has wiedz-:
| Person | Pronoun | Form (wiedzieć) |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | ja | wiem (I know) |
| 2nd singular | ty | wiesz (you know) |
| 3rd singular | on / ona / ono | wie (he / she / it knows) |
| 1st plural | my | wiemy (we know) |
| 2nd plural | wy | wiecie (you know) |
| 3rd plural | oni / one | wiedzą (they know) |
Wiedzieć means to know a fact, an answer or information, often followed by a question word:
- Wiem. (I know.)
- Nie wiem. (I don't know.)
- Wiesz, gdzie jest Anna? (Do you know where Anna is?)
- Nie wiemy, kiedy on przychodzi. (We don't know when he is coming.)
To know a person or a place Polish uses another verb, znać: Znam Annę. (I know Anna.) It follows the -am, -asz pattern, as in Present tense: -am, -asz verbs. So wiedzieć is for "to know that / what / where", and znać is for "to be familiar with".
chcieć – to want
Chcieć has the regular endings of the -ę, -esz group. The unusual part is the infinitive: the ending -ieć and the stem chc- do not look like the forms:
| Person | Pronoun | Form (chcieć) |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | ja | chcę (I want) |
| 2nd singular | ty | chcesz (you want) |
| 3rd singular | on / ona / ono | chce (he / she / it wants) |
| 1st plural | my | chcemy (we want) |
| 2nd plural | wy | chcecie (you want) |
| 3rd plural | oni / one | chcą (they want) |
Chcieć can be followed by a noun or by a verb in the infinitive:
- Chcę kawę. (I want a coffee.)
- Anna chce herbatę. (Anna wants tea.)
- Chcemy mówić po polsku. (We want to speak Polish.)
- Czy chcesz jeść? (Do you want to eat?)
The pattern with an infinitive is explained in Modal verbs with the infinitive.
The infinitive does not show the forms
None of these four verbs can be built safely from the infinitive. Mieć gives mam (not miem), jeść gives jem (not jeszę), wiedzieć gives wiem (not wiedzę), and chcieć gives chcę (the stem is chc-). It is enough to learn the ja form together with the verb: mieć – mam, jeść – jem, wiedzieć – wiem, chcieć – chcę.
A natural way to remember them is as small sets of three: mam, masz, ma; jem, jesz, je; wiem, wiesz, wie; chcę, chcesz, chce.
Negatives and questions
Negatives and questions work as with other verbs: nie stands before the verb, and a yes/no question starts with czy or rises in intonation.
- Nie mam samochodu. (I don't have a car.)
- Nie jem mięsa. (I don't eat meat.)
- Czy wiesz, gdzie jest dworzec? (Do you know where the station is?)
- Chcesz kawę? (Do you want a coffee?)
More about the two patterns is in Negation with "nie" and Questions: czy and question words.
Common mistakes
- ❌ Ja jeszę śniadanie. → ✅ Ja jem śniadanie. (the ja form is jem)
- ❌ Ja wiedzę. → ✅ Ja wiem. (the stem is wie-, not wiedz-, except in the 3rd person plural)
- ❌ Anna chcie kawę. → ✅ Anna chce kawę. (the 3rd person singular is chce)
- ❌ Oni jeją obiad. → ✅ Oni jedzą obiad. (the 3rd person plural has the stem jedz-)
- ❌ Znam, gdzie jest Anna. → ✅ Wiem, gdzie jest Anna. (wiedzieć goes with a question word)
- ❌ Nie mam czas. → ✅ Nie mam czasu. (the object after a negated mieć takes the genitive)
Quick check
Which form fits each gap?
- Ja ___ brata. (mieć)
- Ty ___ śniadanie? (jeść)
- Anna ___, gdzie jest dworzec. (wiedzieć)
- My ___ kawę. (chcieć)
- Dzieci ___ obiad. (jeść)
- Oni nie ___ czasu. (mieć)
Show answers
- mam 2. jesz 3. wie 4. chcemy 5. jedzą 6. mają
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Key takeaways
- mieć: mam, masz, ma, mamy, macie, mają. It says what you have, and appears in Mam na imię… and Mam … lat.
- jeść: jem, jesz, je, jemy, jecie, jedzą, with the stem jedz- only in the 3rd person plural.
- wiedzieć: wiem, wiesz, wie, wiemy, wiecie, wiedzą. It means to know a fact; for a person or place the verb is znać.
- chcieć: chcę, chcesz, chce, chcemy, chcecie, chcą, followed by a noun or an infinitive.
- The infinitive does not show the forms, so each verb is learned together with its ja form.
- After a negated mieć the object takes the genitive: Mam czas. but Nie mam czasu.