有时候,做出动作的一方——人、动物或事物——和承受动作的一方是同一个。这时英语会用一组特别的代词:myself、yourself、himself 等等。它们叫作反身代词(reflexive pronouns),因为动作会「反射」回主语身上——I hurt myself、she taught herself Spanish。
主要有八个,每一个都对应一个你已经认识的主语。只要你能把 I 和 myself、they 和 themselves 配在一起,其余的都照同样的规律走。
一条实用的窍门:反身代词最主要的用法,就是主语和宾语指同一对象的时候。I 对 me 做了某事,就变成 I did it to myself。(此外还有跟 by 连用以及表示强调的特别用法,见下文。)
八个反身代词
每个主语都有自己的反身形式。单数形式以 -self 结尾,复数形式以 -selves 结尾。
| 主语 | 反身代词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| I | myself | I cut myself. |
| you(一个人) | yourself | Be careful — don't hurt yourself. |
| he | himself | He introduced himself. |
| she | herself | She taught herself to draw. |
| it | itself | The cat washed itself. |
| we | ourselves | We enjoyed ourselves. |
| you(多人) | yourselves | Help yourselves to some cake. |
| they | themselves | They blamed themselves. |
有一对值得留意:主语形式 you 不论指一个人还是多人都一样,因此单复数恰恰体现在反身形式上——一个人用 yourself,多于一人用 yourselves。
(在正式英语里你也会看到 oneself——to enjoy oneself。当 they 指一个人时,同样用 themselves。一开始先把表格里的八个形式记牢即可。)
汉语里「自己」只有一个形式,不随人称或单复数变化;而英语要按主语在 myself、yourself、himself、themselves 等八个形式里选对应的一个。所以记住每个主语配哪个形式,比直接套用一个「自己」更要紧。
主语和宾语是同一对象
反身代词的主要任务,是表明动作的主语和宾语是同一对象。反身代词可以作动词的宾语——I hurt myself——也可以作介词后的宾语——She looked at herself:
- I hurt myself playing football.(受伤的是我自己)
- She looked at herself in the mirror.
- He's teaching himself to play the guitar.
- Did you enjoy yourself at the party?
把它们和指另一个人的普通宾语对照一下:
- I hurt him.(受伤的是别人)→ I hurt myself.(受伤的是我)
- She looked at them. → She looked at herself.
不过,当 with 表示「随身带着」时,以及在 behind、beside、near、in front of 等表示位置的词之后,英语通常仍用普通的宾格代词:I took my bag with me(一般不用 with myself)、She closed the door behind her。(但在 be honest with yourself 或 angry with herself 这类固定搭配里,反身代词才是对的。)
By myself = 独自或没有帮助
在 by + 反身代词 这个结构里,意思通常是独自或没有帮助:
- I live by myself.(独自一人)
- She fixed the car by herself.(没人帮忙)
- Did you do all this by yourselves?
By myself 通常并不等于单纯的 by me。如果句子只是说明是谁做了某事,by 后面用 me 才自然:
- ✅ This photo was taken by me.(只是说明是谁拍的)
- ✅ I took the photo by myself.(意思是:没人帮忙)
同样的形式用于强调
同样的 -self / -selves 形式还可以表示强调——是某个特定的人,而不是别人,做了某事。在这种用法里它们不改变意思,只是加重语气(这时有时叫强调代词):
- I made the cake myself.(是我做的,没有别人)
- I cleaned the room myself.
- The manager herself apologised.(经理本人亲自道歉)
它们常紧跟在主语之后,或放在句末,也可以强调另一个名词:I spoke to the manager herself.
在英语里不需要反身代词的动词
这里有一点让许多学习者困惑。有些日常动词在别的语言里要带反身代词,在英语里通常却不带。在最常见的意思上,英语一个都不用:
- ✅ I feel good today.——而不是 ❌ I feel myself good.(feel + 形容词 不用反身代词)
- ✅ She woke up early.(没有宾语——她只是醒了;只有当主语促使它发生时才用反身代词:She woke herself up by coughing)
- ✅ They met at the station.——而不是 ❌ They met themselves at the station.
- ✅ Hurry up! We're late. 才是日常正常的说法;hurry yourself up 很不自然,也不是这里需要的形式。
汉语会说「感觉自己很好」「相互见面」,但这里的「自己」「相互」对应的并不是英语的反身代词。说 feel、meet 时英语反而不加反身代词,所以 ❌ I feel myself good、❌ They met themselves 都是错的,直接说 I feel good、They met 即可。
其中有些动词在另一种意思下可以带宾语——She woke the baby up、Don't hurry me——但那时动作并不像上面错误的例子那样反射回主语。
说日常作息时,英语也往往省去反身代词,因为这些事显然是对自己做的:
- ✅ I wash and get dressed before breakfast.(不必加 myself)
只有当宾语很重要,或要表示「没人帮忙」时,才加反身代词:The children can dress themselves now.
-self 与 each other
当两个或更多的人彼此做某事时,英语用 each other(或 one another),而不是反身代词。有些动词也可以不带宾语——They met、They hugged:
- Tom and Anna love each other.(Tom 爱 Anna,Anna 爱 Tom)
- ❌ Tom and Anna love themselves. 会变成「Tom 爱自己、Anna 爱自己」——意思完全不同!
可见 themselves 把动作指回同一些人身上,而 each other 则把动作交叉指向对方。
常见错误
- ❌ He cut hisself. → ✅ He cut himself.(是 himself,绝不是 hisself)
- ❌ They blamed theirselves. → ✅ They blamed themselves.(是 themselves,绝不是 theirselves)
- ❌ Children, help yourself! → ✅ Children, help yourselves!(不止一个人 → yourselves)
- ❌ I feel myself tired. → ✅ I feel tired.(feel + 形容词不用反身代词)
- ❌ Please contact myself. → ✅ Please contact me.(这里要用普通宾格 me,不是 myself)
- ❌ My brother and myself went shopping. → ✅ My brother and I went shopping.(这里要用主格 I)
- ❌ I washed myself hands. → ✅ I washed my hands.(身体部位前用物主代词——my、her、his——不用反身代词)
小测验
下面该填哪个词或短语?
- Sam, be careful with that knife — don't cut ____.
- The children are old enough to dress ____ now.
- I painted the whole room ____(独自完成).
- How are you? — I ____ fine today, thanks.
显示答案
- yourself 2. themselves 3. by myself 4. feel(不是 feel myself)
要点回顾
- 反身代词表明主语和宾语是同一对象:myself、yourself、himself、herself、itself、ourselves、yourselves、themselves。
- 单数以 -self 结尾,复数以 -selves 结尾;最要留意的一对是 yourself(一个人)和 yourselves(多人)。
- by 之后,反身代词通常表示独自或没有帮助——I did it by myself。若只是说明是谁做的,用 me:written by me。
- 它也可以表示强调——I made it myself。
- 有些动词在日常意思里不用任何反身代词:feel + 形容词 时 ✅ I feel good,而不是 ❌ I feel myself good。