有时候,做出动作的一方——人、动物或事物——和承受动作的一方是同一个。这时英语会用一组特别的代词:myself、yourself、himself 等等。它们叫作反身代词(reflexive pronouns),因为动作会「反射」回主语身上——I hurt myselfshe taught herself Spanish

主要有八个,每一个都对应一个你已经认识的主语。只要你能把 Imyselftheythemselves 配在一起,其余的都照同样的规律走。

一条实用的窍门:反身代词最主要的用法,就是主语和宾语指同一对象的时候。Ime 做了某事,就变成 I did it to myself。(此外还有跟 by 连用以及表示强调的特别用法,见下文。)

八个反身代词

每个主语都有自己的反身形式。单数形式以 -self 结尾,复数形式以 -selves 结尾。

主语 反身代词 例句
I myself I cut myself.
you(一个人) yourself Be careful — don't hurt yourself.
he himself He introduced himself.
she herself She taught herself to draw.
it itself The cat washed itself.
we ourselves We enjoyed ourselves.
you(多人) yourselves Help yourselves to some cake.
they themselves They blamed themselves.

有一对值得留意:主语形式 you 不论指一个人还是多人都一样,因此单复数恰恰体现在反身形式上——一个人用 yourself,多于一人用 yourselves

(在正式英语里你也会看到 oneself——to enjoy oneself。当 they 指一个人时,同样用 themselves。一开始先把表格里的八个形式记牢即可。)

汉语里「自己」只有一个形式,不随人称或单复数变化;而英语要按主语在 myself、yourself、himself、themselves 等八个形式里选对应的一个。所以记住每个主语配哪个形式,比直接套用一个「自己」更要紧。

主语和宾语是同一对象

反身代词的主要任务,是表明动作的主语宾语是同一对象。反身代词可以作动词的宾语——I hurt myself——也可以作介词后的宾语——She looked at herself

  • I hurt myself playing football.(受伤的是我自己)
  • She looked at herself in the mirror.
  • He's teaching himself to play the guitar.
  • Did you enjoy yourself at the party?

把它们和指另一个人的普通宾语对照一下:

  • I hurt him.(受伤的是别人)→ I hurt myself.(受伤的是我)
  • She looked at them.She looked at herself.

不过,当 with 表示「随身带着」时,以及在 behind、beside、nearin front of 等表示位置的词之后,英语通常仍用普通的宾格代词:I took my bag with me(一般不用 with myself)、She closed the door behind her。(但在 be honest with yourselfangry with herself 这类固定搭配里,反身代词才是对的。)

By myself = 独自或没有帮助

by + 反身代词 这个结构里,意思通常是独自没有帮助

  • I live by myself.(独自一人)
  • She fixed the car by herself.(没人帮忙)
  • Did you do all this by yourselves?

By myself 通常并不等于单纯的 by me。如果句子只是说明是谁做了某事,by 后面用 me 才自然:

  • This photo was taken by me.(只是说明是谁拍的)
  • I took the photo by myself.(意思是:没人帮忙)

同样的形式用于强调

同样的 -self / -selves 形式还可以表示强调——是某个特定的人,而不是别人,做了某事。在这种用法里它们不改变意思,只是加重语气(这时有时叫强调代词):

  • I made the cake myself.(是我做的,没有别人)
  • I cleaned the room myself.
  • The manager herself apologised.(经理本人亲自道歉)

它们常紧跟在主语之后,或放在句末,也可以强调另一个名词:I spoke to the manager herself.

在英语里不需要反身代词的动词

这里有一点让许多学习者困惑。有些日常动词在别的语言里要带反身代词,在英语里通常却不带。在最常见的意思上,英语一个都不用:

  • I feel good today.——而不是 ❌ I feel myself good.feel + 形容词 不用反身代词)
  • She woke up early.(没有宾语——她只是醒了;只有当主语促使它发生时才用反身代词:She woke herself up by coughing
  • They met at the station.——而不是 ❌ They met themselves at the station.
  • Hurry up! We're late. 才是日常正常的说法;hurry yourself up 很不自然,也不是这里需要的形式。

汉语会说「感觉自己很好」「相互见面」,但这里的「自己」「相互」对应的并不是英语的反身代词。说 feelmeet 时英语反而不加反身代词,所以 ❌ I feel myself good、❌ They met themselves 都是错的,直接说 I feel goodThey met 即可。

其中有些动词在另一种意思下可以带宾语——She woke the baby upDon't hurry me——但那时动作并不像上面错误的例子那样反射回主语。

说日常作息时,英语也往往省去反身代词,因为这些事显然是对自己做的:

  • I wash and get dressed before breakfast.(不必加 myself

只有当宾语很重要,或要表示「没人帮忙」时,才加反身代词:The children can dress themselves now.

-selfeach other

当两个或更多的人彼此做某事时,英语用 each other(或 one another),而不是反身代词。有些动词也可以不带宾语——They metThey hugged

  • Tom and Anna love each other.(Tom 爱 Anna,Anna 爱 Tom)
  • Tom and Anna love themselves. 会变成「Tom 爱自己、Anna 爱自己」——意思完全不同!

可见 themselves 把动作指回同一些人身上,而 each other 则把动作交叉指向对方。

常见错误

  • He cut hisself. → ✅ He cut himself.(是 himself,绝不是 hisself
  • They blamed theirselves. → ✅ They blamed themselves.(是 themselves,绝不是 theirselves
  • Children, help yourself! → ✅ Children, help yourselves!(不止一个人 → yourselves
  • I feel myself tired. → ✅ I feel tired.feel + 形容词不用反身代词)
  • Please contact myself. → ✅ Please contact me.(这里要用普通宾格 me,不是 myself
  • My brother and myself went shopping. → ✅ My brother and I went shopping.(这里要用主格 I
  • I washed myself hands. → ✅ I washed my hands.(身体部位前用物主代词——my、her、his——不用反身代词)

小测验

下面该填哪个词或短语?

  1. Sam, be careful with that knife — don't cut ____.
  2. The children are old enough to dress ____ now.
  3. I painted the whole room ____(独自完成).
  4. How are you? — I ____ fine today, thanks.
显示答案
  1. yourself   2. themselves   3. by myself   4. feel(不是 feel myself

要点回顾

  • 反身代词表明主语和宾语是同一对象myself、yourself、himself、herself、itself、ourselves、yourselves、themselves
  • 单数以 -self 结尾,复数以 -selves 结尾;最要留意的一对是 yourself(一个人)和 yourselves(多人)。
  • by 之后,反身代词通常表示独自没有帮助——I did it by myself。若只是说明是谁做的,用 mewritten by me
  • 它也可以表示强调——I made it myself
  • 有些动词在日常意思里不用任何反身代词:feel + 形容词 时 ✅ I feel good,而不是 ❌ I feel myself good