转述他人观点的被动句型（it is said that...）

有时你想转述一种普遍看法、一种说法或一条消息，却不想具体说明是谁说的——people say she's brilliant，可这里的"people"到底是谁？英语有一种巧妙的非人称表达方式：用被动语态搭配 say、believe、think、report 这类动词：she is said to be brilliant。这直接建立在现在时和过去时的被动语态之上——同样是 be + 过去分词的思路，只是这里用在表达"说"和"看法"的动词上。

速记： 有两种常见句型。It + is/was + 过去分词 + that...（it is said that she is brilliant）和主语 + is/was + 过去分词 + to (have) + 动词（she is said to be brilliant）。它们通常表达同一个基本意思，但第二种句型和每个转述动词搭配起来的自然程度并不一样——见下文。

句型一：It + 被动转述动词 + that 从句

这个句型以"虚位"主语 it 开头，接一个被动的转述动词，再接一个完整的 that 从句，承载真正的信息：

• It is said that the company is losing money.
• It is believed that the missing hikers are still alive.
• It was reported that the road would reopen soon.
• It is thought that early humans arrived here 10,000 years ago.

这通常是最容易先用上的句型，因为后面的 that 从句可以自由保留自己的时态，就像一个普通句子一样——不需要调整任何不定式。为了清晰，that 常常保留，但在新闻或正式写作中也常被省略（it is said she is brilliant）。

句型二：主语 + 被动转述动词 + 不定式

第二种句型把 that 从句里真正的主语提到整句话的最前面，把其余部分变成不定式：

• It is said that she is brilliant. → She is said to be brilliant.
• It is believed that they left the country. → They are believed to have left the country.
• It was reported that the factory had closed. → The factory was reported to have closed.

用哪种不定式，取决于被转述的动作相对转述动词发生的时间：

汉语表达同样的意思时用"据说""传闻"这类固定短语，比如"据说她很聪明"对应 she is said to be very clever，而无论说的是现在还是过去，"据说"本身都不会变化。英语则必须根据时间选出正确的不定式形式，这是两者最大的不同。

✅ is thought to be 描述现在的状态，但 ❌ is thought to have be 不是真实存在的形式——完成式不定式是 ✅ is thought to have been，不是 ❌ to have be：He is thought to have been the last person to see her.

表达将来的意思时，用 expect 最自然：Prices are expected to rise next year. 对大多数其他转述动词来说，将来的事件通常更适合保留句型一，在 that 从句里加上 will：It is believed that he will arrive tomorrow 比 he is believed to arrive tomorrow 更自然。

存在句 there is / there are 也可以像普通主语一样提到前面：It is said that there are secret tunnels under the city. → There are said to be secret tunnels under the city.

如果 that 从句里含有情态动词（can, must, should），就没有能直接承载情态动词的不定式形式——❌ he is said to can speak six languages 不是真实存在的形式。最安全的做法是保留句型一（it is said that he can speak six languages）；有时情态动词的意思也可以改写，尽管语气会略有变化：can → is said to be able to（he is said to be able to speak six languages），must（推断）通常最好保留句型一而不转换（it is believed that he must be hiding nearby，这里没有自然的不定式形式），而 should（义务）常常最好换成完全不同的动词：it is said that employees should apply online → employees are expected to apply online.

常用于这一句型的转述动词

这些句型常见于表示说、报道、相信、知道、判断和估计的动词：say, report, believe, think, know, consider, understand, claim, allege, expect, estimate, rumour（通常只用被动形式：it is rumoured that...）。并非每个动词都同样适合两种句型——比如 announce 在句型一中（it was announced that the winners would be revealed）远比在句型二中（❌ the winners were announced to be revealed 不自然）常见。

• It is estimated that the bridge cost over $2 billion.
• The suspect is alleged to have stolen the funds.
• Prices are expected to rise next year.
• She is considered to be one of the best players of her generation.——consider 在句型二中格外自然，这里的 to be 经常被省略：she is considered one of the best players... 句型一搭配 consider 更正式，通常和形容词连用：it is considered likely that prices will rise.

过去的转述：is said 对比 was said

两部分都可以是过去时，各自表达不同的意思——被动助动词 be 的时态显示这个说法、看法在什么时候被当作是当下的，而不定式（在句型二中）显示被转述的动作实际发生在什么时候：

• He is said to have won three medals.——这个说法现在存在，而获胜发生在现在之前。
• He was said to have won three medals.——这个说法曾在过去某个时刻存在（也许后来被否定了，或者人们已经不再这样说了），而获胜发生在那个过去时刻之前。

✅ is said to have won 和 ❌ is said to won 不同——完成式不定式总是需要 have，绝不能只用简单过去式：只有 ✅ to have won，绝不是 ❌ to won 或 ❌ to had won。

常见错误

• ❌ She is said being rich. → ✅ She is said to be rich.（表达现在的状态要用不定式，不是 -ing）
• ❌ He is believed to left. → ✅ He is believed to have left.（已完成的更早动作需要完成式不定式 to have + 过去分词）
• ❌ He is said to have win. → ✅ He is said to have won.（完成式不定式总是用过去分词，不是原形）
• ❌ He is said to will win. → ✅ It is said that he will win. / ✅ He is expected to win.（像 will 这样的情态动词不能直接跟在不定式 to 后面——保留句型一，或者换成 expect 这类本身就带有将来意味的动词）

检验一下

用指定的句型改写每个句子。

1. People believe the painting is a fake. → It ____.
2. It is thought that she has already left. → She ____.
3. People say the bridge was built in 1920. → The bridge ____.
4. It is reported that the strike is continuing. → The strike ____.

要点总结

• 被动转述动词可以让你表达一种说法、看法或消息，而不点明它的来源。
• 句型一： It + is/was + 过去分词 + that...——that 从句内部保留正常的时态。
• 句型二： 主语 + is/was + 过去分词 + to (have) + 动词——把真正的主语提到前面，把说法变成不定式。
• 用 to + 动词原形表示和转述动词同时（或者，尤其是在 expect 之后，表示将来），用 to have + 过去分词表示更早发生的事，用 to be + -ing 表示正在进行的事，用 to be/have been + 过去分词表示被转述的动作本身也是被动的。
• 常见动词：say, report, believe, think, know, consider, understand, claim, allege, expect, estimate, rumour——并非所有动词都同样适合这两种句型。
• 被动 be 的时态（is said 对比 was said）显示这个说法或看法在什么时候被当作是当下的——这和被转述的动作本身实际发生的时间是两回事。
• that 从句里的情态动词（can, must, should）不能直接变成不定式——保留句型一，或者改写（can 用 is said to be able to）。