Die Tür ist schon geöffnet.The door is already open.
German has a second passive: sein + Partizip II. It doesn't describe an action — it describes the state an earlier action left behind. Grammars call it the Zustandspassiv (statal passive), against the werden-passive or Vorgangspassiv, which describes the action in progress.
Quick shortcut: wird + Partizip II = the action is happening (Die Tür wird geöffnet — it's being opened). ist + Partizip II = the action is over and its result is visible now (Die Tür ist geöffnet — it stands open). Swap werden for sein, keep the same participle.
Process vs. result
| form | meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| Vorgangspassiv | Das Geschäft wird um 20 Uhr geschlossen. | the closing happens at 8 |
| Zustandspassiv | Das Geschäft ist ab 20 Uhr geschlossen. | from 8 on, it's closed |
- Der Tisch wird gedeckt. (someone is setting the table) → Der Tisch ist gedeckt. (the table is set, ready)
- Die Rechnung wird bezahlt. → Die Rechnung ist bezahlt. (it's settled)
In context, the Zustandspassiv is normally read as the result of a prior action — the state is what that action left behind.
How to build it
sein (conjugated, carrying the tense) + Partizip II (unchanged, at the end):
- present: Der Brief ist schon geschrieben.
- simple past: Der Brief war schon geschrieben, als ich kam.
Present and simple past cover almost everything. A Perfekt (ist … geschrieben gewesen) is grammatically possible but heavy and rarely used — prefer the simple past.
The agent is normally left out. A von- or durch-phrase is unusual here and often sounds odd, because the focus is the state, not who caused it.
Only from verbs with a result
The Zustandspassiv works best with verbs whose action produces a new state (which may or may not last) — öffnen, schließen, decken, reparieren, bezahlen, verletzen:
- Das Auto ist repariert. Er ist verletzt. Alles ist vorbereitet.
Verbs of pure activity — especially without an object — resist it, since they leave no state behind:
- ❌ Es ist getanzt. ❌ Es ist gelacht. — these only work as werden-passives (Es wird getanzt).
Not the same as sein + adjective
sein + a plain adjective looks similar but describes a state without pointing back to an action:
- Die Tür ist offen. — just describes the door.
- Die Tür ist geöffnet. — the same state, but framed as the result of a prior opening.
Many pairs exist: offen / geöffnet, zu / geschlossen, kaputt / zerbrochen, leer / geleert. The participle version carries a "this came about through an event" background.
Not the Perfekt either
sein + Partizip II is also how some verbs build their active Perfekt — but those are intransitive verbs of motion or change:
- Die Tür ist aufgegangen. = active Perfekt, "the door opened" (an event).
- Die Tür ist geöffnet. = statal passive, "the door is open" (a state), from transitive öffnen.
The tell: the Perfekt describes something that happened; the Zustandspassiv describes how something is right now.
Common mistakes
- ❌ Das Haus ist gerade gebaut. (meaning: under construction) → ✅ Das Haus wird gerade gebaut. (ist would mean it's finished)
- ❌ Es ist getanzt. → ✅ Es wird getanzt. (activity verb with no object — no resulting state)
- ❌ Die Tür hat geöffnet. → ✅ Die Tür ist geöffnet. (statal passive uses sein, never haben)
- ❌ Die Tür ist geöffnet worden when you mean the current state → ✅ Die Tür ist geöffnet. (ist … worden is the werden-passive Perfekt — a past action, not a present state)
- ❌ Der Brief war geschrieben worden, als ich kam → ✅ Der Brief war schon geschrieben. (for the state at that past moment, plain war + participle)
Quick check
Choose wird/wurde (action) or ist/war (state).
- Als wir ankamen, ___ der Tisch schon gedeckt. (state)
- Warte kurz — die Suppe ___ gerade gekocht. (action in progress)
- Das Formular ___ gestern von der Chefin unterschrieben. (action, past)
- Keine Sorge, alles ___ vorbereitet. (state, now)
Show answers
- …, war der Tisch schon gedeckt. (state in the past → war)
- … die Suppe wird gerade gekocht. (process → wird)
- Das Formular wurde gestern … unterschrieben. (past action, agent named → wurde)
- … alles ist vorbereitet. (present state → ist)
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Key takeaways
- sein + Partizip II = the state an action leaves behind; werden + Partizip II = the action itself.
- sein carries the tense — mostly present (ist gedeckt) and simple past (war gedeckt); a Perfekt is avoided.
- It reads as the result of an earlier action; an agent phrase is normally left out.
- It needs a verb that produces a resulting state (repariert, bezahlt, verletzt) — verbs of pure activity resist it (❌ getanzt, ❌ gelacht).
- Distinguish it from sein + adjective (offen vs geöffnet) and from the sein-Perfekt of motion verbs (ist aufgegangen = an event).
- ist … worden is the werden-passive Perfekt (a past action), not the statal passive.